{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T09:41:11Z","timestamp":1776332471310,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,15]],"date-time":"2025-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741996800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Trazodone, a medicine registered for human, is a serotonin agonist\u2013antagonist. At low dose, the drug is sedative due to its antagonist properties. At high dose, it is an agonist with anxiolytic and antidepressant actions. Trazodone can be administered to the horse to reduce anxiety. However, according to the antidoping rules for horses, the presence of trazodone in blood or urine is considered as a violation, which will produce a suspension of both the athlete and the horse as the drug is listed banned on the International Federation of Horseracing Authorities prohibited substances list. As a hair test can provide more evidence or supplementary information to an adverse analytical finding or to document drug exposure, our forensic laboratory received two specimens with a request for trazodone identification. After mane collection, trazodone was analysed by a new LC\u2013MS\/MS method involving pH 9.5 borate buffer overnight incubation of 20\u2009mg of specimen in presence of clozapine-d4 used as internal standard, followed by solvents extraction. Linearity was verified from 1 to 100 pg\/mg (R2\u2009=\u20090.9967). Limit of detection of the method was 0.1 pg\/mg. Trazodone was measured at 0.4 pg\/mg in the mane of a horse suspended after an antidoping violation. In a case of hidden administration, trazodone was identified at 9 and 24 pg\/mg in two consecutive mane hair segments. Although no controlled study allows interpretation, particularly about the frequency of exposure and the dose that entered in the body, this is the first evidence that trazodone can be incorporated in the mane of horses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkaf025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]],"date-time":"2025-03-14T16:18:59Z","timestamp":1741969139000},"page":"401-406","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Testing for trazodone, an antidepressant, in hair collected from horses"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4174-5362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pascal","family":"Kintz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"X-Pertise Consulting , 42 rue principale, F-67206, Mittelhausbergen,","place":["France"]},{"name":"Institut de M\u00e9decine L\u00e9gale , 11 rue Humann, F-67000, Strasbourg,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Morgane","family":"Baudry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de M\u00e9decine L\u00e9gale , 11 rue Humann, F-67000, Strasbourg,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laurie","family":"Gheddar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de M\u00e9decine L\u00e9gale , 11 rue Humann, F-67000, Strasbourg,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025091920263254100_R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852900024020","article-title":"Mechanism of action of trazodone: a multifunctional drug","volume":"14","author":"Stahl","year":"2009","journal-title":"CNS Spectr"},{"key":"2025091920263254100_R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1586\/ecp.10.138","article-title":"Trazodone: properties and utility in multiple disorders","volume":"4","author":"Mittur","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2025091920263254100_R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.2165\/00002512.199404040-00006","article-title":"Trazodone: a review of its pharmacology, therapeutic use in depression and therapeutic potential in other disorders","volume":"4","author":"Haria","year":"1994","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"key":"2025091920263254100_R4","first-page":"572","article-title":"Trazodone is metabolized to m-chlorophenylpiperazine by CYP3A4 from human sources","volume":"26","author":"Rotzinger","year":"1998","journal-title":"Drug Metab Dispos"},{"key":"2025091920263254100_R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881109102541","article-title":"mCPP: an undesired addition to the ecstasy market","volume":"24","author":"Bossong","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"2025091920263254100_R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1902","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.233.12.1902","article-title":"Use of trazodone as an adjunctive agent in the treatment of canine anxiety disorders: 56 cases (1995\u20132007)","volume":"233","author":"Gruen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2025091920263254100_R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X15587956","article-title":"Use of oral trazodone for sedation in cats: a pilot study","volume":"18","author":"Orlando","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"2025091920263254100_R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12477","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and clinical use of trazodone and its active metabolite m- chlorophenylpiperazine in the horse","volume":"41","author":"Davis","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2025091920263254100_R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.78.10.1182","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and selected pharmacodynamics of trazodone following intravenous and oral administration to horses undergoing fitness training","volume":"78","author":"Knych","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2025091920263254100_R10","volume-title":"2025 Equine prohibited substances list","author":"International Federation of Horseracing Authorities"},{"key":"2025091920263254100_R11"},{"key":"2025091920263254100_R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2766","article-title":"Hair testing for doping agents. 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