{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T14:13:07Z","timestamp":1793110387802,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]],"date-time":"2025-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748908800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Postmortem vitreous humor may be used for toxicological analysis if blood and urine are unavailable or where postmortem blood is thought to be affected by postmortem changes. Use of vitreous humor has been restricted by the available sample volume and instrument sensitivity. However, the advent of combined screening and quantitative methodologies using liquid chromatography\u2013high-resolution mass spectrometry makes analysis of vitreous humor possible. This study examines an existing combined screening and quantitative methodology to determine if it is suitable for use with vitreous humor. Analysis of standard solutions containing 48 compounds showed % difference between expected and measured values in the range \u221215.59 to 20.81, \u221215.73 to 18.34, \u221214.32 to 19.77, and \u221219.90 to 19.78 for very low, low, mid and high range standard solutions respectively. Intraassay %CV was in the range 0.93 to 10.10, 1.35 to 15.19, 3.07 to 11.56, and 2.04 to 8.29 and interassay %CV was 0.96 to 17.40, 3.68 to 17.03, 3.94 to 17.12, and 4.87 to 16.55. Limits of quantitation range from 0.002 to 0.5 and limits of detection from 0.0008 to 0.06\u2009mg\/L. There was no significant interference from ion suppression or isobaric compounds and very little carryover. Dilution 1:2, 1:5 and 1:10 with vitreous humor gave acceptable results. Comparison of screening results from 129 postmortem cases showed that most compounds detected in blood and\/or urine were also detected in vitreous humor. Compounds more readily detected in vitreous humor included 6-monoacetylmorphine, cocaine, codeine, dihydrocodeine, olanzapine, desmethylzopiclone, diazepam, cocaethylene, and desmethylmirtazapine. Compounds more readily identified in blood and\/or urine included desmethylsertraline, EDDP, nordiazepam, papaverine, paracetamol, and morphine. The assay is suitable for screening and quantitation of drugs and their metabolites in vitreous humor and can be used where blood and urine are unavailable, or where the analysis of vitreous humor may provide useful information.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkaf049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T07:46:25Z","timestamp":1748591185000},"page":"645-654","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Simultaneous screening and quantitation of drugs and their metabolites in postmortem vitreous humor by liquid chromatography\u2013high resolution mass spectrometry"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9565-0094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edmund","family":"Rab","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Specialised Clinical Chemistry, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , Sheffield, S5 7AU,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen","family":"Sellers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Specialised Clinical Chemistry, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , Sheffield, S5 7AU,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta-Sofia","family":"Lindo-Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Specialised Clinical Chemistry, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , Sheffield, S5 7AU,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabrielle","family":"Wall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Specialised Clinical Chemistry, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , Sheffield, S5 7AU,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faizan","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Specialised Clinical Chemistry, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , Sheffield, S5 7AU,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026012714111677700_bkaf049-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1081\/CLT-58950","article-title":"Key concepts in postmortem drug redistribution","volume":"43","author":"Yarema","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol"},{"key":"2026012714111677700_bkaf049-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/33.8.433","article-title":"Comparison of oxycodone in vitreous humor and blood using EMIT screening and gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric quantitation","volume":"33","author":"Knittel","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"key":"2026012714111677700_bkaf049-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS2003433","article-title":"Stability of drugs in stored postmortem femoral blood and vitreous humor","volume":"49","author":"Holmgren","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"2026012714111677700_bkaf049-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-4835(03)00213-6","article-title":"The blood-retinal barriers system. Basic concepts and clinical evaluation","volume":"78","author":"Cunha-Vaz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"2026012714111677700_bkaf049-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/31.8.537","article-title":"Distribution of phencyclidine into vitreous humor","volume":"31","author":"Cox","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"key":"2026012714111677700_bkaf049-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/s11419-015-0294-5","article-title":"Vitreous humor analysis for the detection of xenobiotics in forensic toxicology: a review","volume":"34","author":"B\u00e9valot","year":"2016","journal-title":"Forensic Toxicol"},{"key":"2026012714111677700_bkaf049-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/34.6.312","article-title":"Vitreous humor as an alternative matrix for comprehensive drug screening in postmortem toxicology by liquid chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry","volume":"34","author":"Pelander","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"key":"2026012714111677700_bkaf049-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/25.7.621","article-title":"Rapid detection of benzoylecgonine in vitreous humor by enzyme immunoassay","volume":"25","author":"Chronister","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"key":"2026012714111677700_bkaf049-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkab071","article-title":"Methadone, buprenorphine, oxycodone, fentanyl and tramadol in multiple postmortem matrices","volume":"46","author":"Havig","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"key":"2026012714111677700_bkaf049-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkw009","article-title":"Assessment and comparison of vitreous humor as an alternative matrix for forensic toxicology screening by GC\u2013MS","volume":"40","author":"Metushi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"key":"2026012714111677700_bkaf049-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/31.8.469","article-title":"Vitreous fluid quantification of opiates, cocaine, and benzoylecgonine: comparison of calibration curves in both blood and vitreous matrices with corresponding concentrations in blood","volume":"31","author":"Antonides","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"key":"2026012714111677700_bkaf049-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/23.3.168","article-title":"Detection of 6-acetylmorphine in vitreous humor and cerebrospinal fluid\u2014comparison with urinary analysis for proving heroin administration in opiate fatalities","volume":"23","author":"Pragst","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"key":"2026012714111677700_bkaf049-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/28.4.260","article-title":"Postmortem distribution of heroin metabolites in femoral blood, liver, cerebrospinal fluid, and vitreous humor","volume":"28","author":"Wyman","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"key":"2026012714111677700_bkaf049-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.01.002","article-title":"Distribution of opiates in femoral blood and vitreous humour in heroin\/morphine-related deaths","volume":"226","author":"Rees","year":"2013","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"2026012714111677700_bkaf049-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1177\/002580249903900114","article-title":"Vitreous humor as an alternative sample to blood for the supercritical fluid extraction of morphine and 6-monoacetylmorphine","volume":"39","author":"Scott","year":"1999","journal-title":"Med Sci Law"},{"key":"2026012714111677700_bkaf049-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.12.005","article-title":"Analysis of skeletal muscle has potential value in the assessment of cocaine-related deaths","volume":"226","author":"Rees","year":"2013","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"2026012714111677700_bkaf049-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS15024J","article-title":"The use of vitreous humor as an alternative to whole blood for the analysis of benzodiazepines","volume":"46","author":"Scott","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. 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