{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T10:48:30Z","timestamp":1777718910283,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749600000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Oral fluid is considered a favorable matrix for the identification of drug intake mainly because of its simple, observed, non-invasive collection. Fentanyl and fentanyl analog use, misuse, overdose, and deaths are currently occurring at an alarming rate in the USA. The law enforcement community, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) are all keenly aware of the urgency in addressing an unmet public health need to identify opioid overdose in individuals as rapidly as possible. As part of a National Institute of Justice grant, the present study was intended to develop and validate an environmentally friendly, rapid, sensitive quantitative method using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectral detection (LC\u2013MS\/MS) for fentanyl and fentanyl analogs in oral fluid collected using the nform rapid test device. Oral fluid samples were subjected to liquid\u2013liquid extraction incorporating bio-renewable solvents where possible, reducing the environmental footprint of the assay. A buffer\/salt free mobile phase was employed consisting of 0.1% formic acid in water (95%): 0.1% formic acid in methanol (5%) at a flow rate of 0.8\u2009mL\/min; the run time was 4.5\u2009minutes, again reducing environmental impact in terms of salt and solvent usage. The method included fentanyl, 4-anilino-N-phenethylpiperidine; (4-ANPP; desproprionyl fentanyl), acetyl fentanyl, carfentanil, p-fluorofentanyl, valeryl fentanyl, p-fluorobutyrylfentanyl, furanyl fentanyl and benzoyl fentanyl as well as xylazine, which is often detected with fentanyl. The method was validated according to ANSI\/ASB 036 (2019) Standard Practices for Method Validation in Forensic Toxicology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkaf053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T07:37:31Z","timestamp":1749541051000},"page":"719-724","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Incorporation of an environmentally friendly method for the detection of fentanyl and its analogs in oral fluid"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5953-1813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cynthia","family":"Coulter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"9-Delta Analytical LLC , Ontario, CA 91767,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Campbell","family":"Coulter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"9-Delta Analytical LLC , Ontario, CA 91767,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonah","family":"Gonzales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"9-Delta Analytical LLC , Ontario, CA 91767,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1316-7080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"9-Delta Analytical LLC , Ontario, CA 91767,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026012714121824900_bkaf053-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.5055\/jom.2012.0112","article-title":"Interpretation of oxycodone concentrations in oral fluid","volume":"8","author":"Moore","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Opioid Manag"},{"key":"2026012714121824900_bkaf053-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkv050","article-title":"Prescription Opioids IV. Disposition of hydrocodone in oral fluid and blood following \u00adsingle-dose administration","volume":"39","author":"Cone","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"key":"2026012714121824900_bkaf053-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1093\/anatox\/35.1.32","article-title":"Oral fluid is a viable alternative for monitoring drug abuse: detection of drugs in oral fluid by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and comparison to the results from urine samples from patients treated with methadone or buprenorphine","volume":"35","author":"Vindenes","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"key":"2026012714121824900_bkaf053-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2014.09.004","article-title":"Opioid concentrations in oral fluid and plasma in cancer patients with pain","volume":"50","author":"Heiskanen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"key":"2026012714121824900_bkaf053-B5","author":"ANSI\/ASB Standard 036, First Edition","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026012714121824900_bkaf053-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3417","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25153417","article-title":"2-Methyloxolane (2-MeOx) as sustainable lipophilic solvent to substitute hexane for green extraction of natural products. Properties, applications, and perspectives","volume":"25","author":"Rapinel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"2026012714121824900_bkaf053-B7","author":"ANSI\/ASB Standard 098, Draft","year":"2018"},{"key":"2026012714121824900_bkaf053-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkab064","article-title":"Recommendations for toxicological investigation of drug-impaired driving and motor vehicle fatalities\u20142021 Update","volume":"45","author":"D\u2019Orazio","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"key":"2026012714121824900_bkaf053-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.15334","article-title":"The impact of fentanyl on DUIDs and traffic fatalities: blood and oral fluid data","volume":"68","author":"Harper","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"2026012714121824900_bkaf053-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.02.006","article-title":"Data-independent screening method for 14 fentanyl analogs in whole blood and oral fluid using LC\u2013QTOF-MS","volume":"297","author":"Palmquist","year":"2019","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"2026012714121824900_bkaf053-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1871","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.14813","article-title":"Quantification of fentanyl analogs in oral fluid using LC\u2013QTOF-MS","volume":"66","author":"Palmquist","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"2026012714121824900_bkaf053-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5870","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26195870","article-title":"Simultaneous quantification of 25 fentanyl derivatives and metabolites in oral fluid by means of microextraction on packed sorbent and LC\u2013HRMS\/MS analysis","volume":"26","author":"Vincenti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"2026012714121824900_bkaf053-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkae018","article-title":"Green analytical toxicology procedure for determination of ketamine, its metabolites and analogues in oral fluid samples using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME)","volume":"48","author":"Oliveira","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"key":"2026012714121824900_bkaf053-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2012.03.013","article-title":"Analytical eco-scale for assessing the greenness of analytical procedures","volume":"37","author":"Ga\u0142uszka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends in Analytical Chemistry"}],"container-title":["Journal of Analytical Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jat\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jat\/bkaf053\/63471681\/bkaf053.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jat\/article-pdf\/49\/9\/719\/63471681\/bkaf053.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jat\/article-pdf\/49\/9\/719\/63471681\/bkaf053.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T19:12:26Z","timestamp":1769541146000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jat\/article\/49\/9\/719\/8160477"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jat\/bkaf053","relation":{},"ISSN":["0146-4760","1945-2403"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0146-4760","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-2403","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]]}}}