{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]],"date-time":"2026-05-17T15:07:51Z","timestamp":1779030471769,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]],"date-time":"2026-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778976000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":127,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["375264"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["375264"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Recently developed dried blood analysis methods for cannabinoid quantitation utilize small blood volumes, making them microsampling-compatible, but are limited by hematocrit-related bias for dried blood spots (DBSs) and higher consumable costs for volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS\u00ae). To address these issues, we developed a highly sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS\/MS) method capable of quantifying cannabinoids in 50 \u00b5L of liquid whole blood, providing a practical microsampling alternative to dried blood approaches. Using liquid\u2013liquid extraction (LLE) with sodium hydroxide alkalinization and acetonitrile precipitation, followed by quantitative analysis on an Agilent 6495 liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometer, we achieved lower limits of quantitation (LLOQ) of 0.10 ng\/mL for \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabinol (CBN), and cannabigerol (CBG), 0.20 ng\/mL for cannabidiol (CBD), 0.50 ng\/mL for 11-hydroxy-THC (11-OH-THC), and 1.0 ng\/mL for 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC (THC-COOH). Calibration was linear from the LLOQ to 300 ng\/mL for all analytes. To our knowledge, this is one of the first validated LLE approaches for cannabinoid quantitation in less than 100 \u00b5L of liquid whole blood. Further, it achieves sub-ng\/mL sensitivity, exceeding the LLOQs of most published methods which require \u2265100 \u00b5L of whole blood. We anticipate particular utility for our method in obtaining evidence from suspected impaired drivers at the roadside when paired with capillary microsampling, such as via finger prick. This approach enables measurement of THC levels at the time of driving, thereby overcoming current limitations, including the decrease in THC levels that occurs with delayed blood sampling, requirement for larger sample volumes (\u2265100 \u00b5L), and dependence on trained phlebotomists for venipuncture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkag004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T12:32:12Z","timestamp":1767702732000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Validation of a microsampling-compatible liquid\u2013liquid extraction method for cannabinoid quantitation in 50 \u00b5L of whole blood using liquid chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3650-5334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aman A","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, VGH Research Pavilion , Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahmood","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, VGH Research Pavilion , Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Herbert","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, VGH Research Pavilion , Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey R","family":"Brubacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, VGH Research Pavilion , Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026051710453960900_bkag004-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e148","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(24)00299-8","article-title":"The adverse public health effects of non-medical cannabis legalisation in Canada and the USA","volume":"10","author":"Mekonen Yimer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"2026051710453960900_bkag004-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1159\/000528714","article-title":"Cannabis effects on driving performance: clinical considerations","volume":"6","author":"Costales","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med Cannabis Cannabinoids"},{"key":"2026051710453960900_bkag004-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e256379","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.6379","article-title":"Prevalence of impairing substance use in injured drivers","volume":"8","author":"Brubacher","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2026051710453960900_bkag004-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s40621-014-0026-z","article-title":"Establishing legal limits for driving under the influence of marijuana","volume":"1","author":"Wong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inj Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026051710453960900_bkag004-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.3110","article-title":"Detectability of cannabinoids in the serum samples of cannabis users: indicators of recent cannabis use? 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