{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T13:46:02Z","timestamp":1792590362116,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Fentanyl prevalence has increased exponentially in all forensic toxicology case types since the start of the current epidemic in 2016. Prior to 2016, fentanyl detected in postmortem cases was typically seen from use or misuse of medicinal administration. However, with the current epidemic, fentanyl use is from the illicit drug market and concentrations are substantially higher complicating interpretation. Additionally, factors contributing to postmortem redistribution of fentanyl can play a large role in interpretation. In combination with peripheral blood (PPH), brain concentrations can aid interpretation due to the isolated and protected location of the brain. A total of 566 cases were evaluated, and after excluding four outliers, the 562 cases had an overall fentanyl PPH mean of 18\u2009ng\/mL, median of 10\u2009ng\/mL, and range of 0.53\u2013555\u2009ng\/mL. Overall mean, median, and range of fentanyl concentrations in brain samples were 61, 34, and 0.73\u20133100, respectively. Three concentration ranges, low (\u226410\u2009ng\/mL), medium (&amp;gt;10\u201350\u2009ng\/mL), and high (&amp;gt;50\u2009ng\/mL), derived from PPH were established to evaluate cases based on various concentrations. The median blood-to-brain ratio doubled between the low and high bins. There was a greater percentage of females in the high concentration bin than that in the low and medium bins. The younger age group, aged 15 to 24\u2009years, showed a higher prevalence of fentanyl in the medium group than in the others. The blood: brain ratio for all cases had a mean of 0.36, a median of 0.29, and a range of 0.03\u20132.57. The wide range of blood: brain ratios indicated that using singular information to interpret the case can be misleading. However, it does show the benefits of testing brain samples in suspected overdose cases where the fentanyl blood concentrations are low.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkag051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T06:08:03Z","timestamp":1788415683000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Fentanyl concentrations for peripheral blood and brain samples in non-medical postmortem cases"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2516-8251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helen H","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicology Section, Orange County Crime Lab , Santa Ana, CA 92703,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0887-5659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kacey","family":"Cliburn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicology Laboratory, Oklahoma Office of Chief Medical Examiner , Oklahoma City, OK 73105,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesse","family":"Kemp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicology Laboratory, Oklahoma Office of Chief Medical Examiner , Oklahoma City, OK 73105,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dani C","family":"Mata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicology Section, Houston Forensic Science Center , Houston, TX 77002,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090420363227500_bkag051-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1081\/CLT-58950","article-title":"Key concepts in postmortem drug redistribution","volume":"43","author":"Yarema","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol 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