{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T10:44:27Z","timestamp":1782902667123,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The rapid emergence of novel psychoactive substances (NPS) poses a significant challenge for forensic toxicology and public health. While blood and urine enable rapid detection for early warning systems, long-term monitoring is essential for retrospective exposure assessment and temporal trend analysis. In this context, hair represents a valuable biological matrix; however, multi-class NPS determination remains difficult due to their chemical diversity and typically low concentrations. In this work, we targeted 12 synthetic opioids, 8 synthetic cathinones, 3 dissociatives, 3 designer benzodiazepines, 3 hallucinogens, and 2 synthetic cannabinoids. Sample preparation included a three-step wash procedure (water, methanol, and ethyl acetate), followed by simultaneous pulverization and methanolic extraction of 20\u2009mg of hair, using an Omni Ruptor bead-mill homogenizer (10 cycles, 40\u2009s at 4.5\u2009m\/s with dwell periods; total time \u223c43\u2009min). After centrifugation (5000\u2009rpm, 10 min), extracts were evaporated under nitrogen stream at 40\u00b0C (20 psi) and reconstituted in 100 \u00b5l of 90:10 (v\/v) water\/acetonitrile, both containing 0.1% formic acid, followed by filtration. Chromatographic separation was achieved by liquid chromatography on a Kinetex C18 column (100\u2009\u00d7\u20092.1 mm, 1.7 \u00b5m) using gradient elution with a total runtime of 10 min. Identification and quantitation were performed by tandem mass spectrometry in positive electrospray ionization using multiple reaction monitoring with quantifier and qualifier transitions. The method was validated according to ANSI\/ASB Standard 036. Linearity was demonstrated from 5 to 500 pg\/mg. Intra- and inter-day precision were &amp;lt;20% and bias within \u00b120% for most analytes, with no significant carryover or interferences observed. Matrix effects were observed but consistent across analytes, allowing reliable quantitation. Application to authentic hair samples from electronic music festival attendees in Europe and Brazil confirmed the presence of emerging NPS. This integrated pulverization\u2013extraction approach enables rapid, robust multi-class NPS detection in hair for biomonitoring and forensic applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkag052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T19:05:34Z","timestamp":1781550334000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development and application of a simplified, quantitative method for 30+ New Psychoactive Substances in hair"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Seokjin","family":"Hwang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York Department of Sciences, , New York, NY 10019,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7624-5966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno Pereira","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre Graduate Program in Health Sciences, , Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashef","family":"Ameer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York Department of Sciences, , New York, NY 10019,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia de Souza","family":"Schwarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre Graduate Program in Health Sciences, , Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leticia","family":"Birk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre Graduate Program in Health Sciences, , Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8501-4799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Salomone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Turin , Turin, 10124,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2200-6959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Eller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre Graduate Program in Health Sciences, , Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2594-8415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago","family":"Franco de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre Graduate Program in Health Sciences, , Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Pedro","family":"Matias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Union Drugs Agency (EUDA) Substance use, harms and responses unit, , Lisbon, 1249-289,","place":["Portugal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3858-1280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Concheiro-Guis\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York Department of Sciences, , New York, NY 10019,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3224-9738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Miguel","family":"Fonseca Pego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York Department of Sciences, , New York, NY 10019,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026063015320899500_bkag052-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1016\/J.TOXREP.2021.09.003","article-title":"Hair analysis for new psychoactive substances (NPS): still far from becoming the tool to study NPS spread in the community?","volume":"8","author":"Florou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Toxicol Rep"},{"key":"2026063015320899500_bkag052-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117157","DOI":"10.1016\/J.TRAC.2023.117157","article-title":"Chemical identification and differentiation of positional isomers of novel psychoactive substances \u2013 A comprehensive review","volume":"166","author":"Verhoeven","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Anal Chem"},{"key":"2026063015320899500_bkag052-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114310","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JPBA.2021.114310","article-title":"A comprehensive UHPLC\u2013MS\/MS screening method for the analysis of 98 New Psychoactive Substances and related compounds in human hair","volume":"205","author":"Nzekoue","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pharm Biomed Anal"},{"key":"2026063015320899500_bkag052-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.3150","article-title":"Prevalence and concentrations of new designer stimulants, synthetic opioids, benzodiazepines, and hallucinogens in postmortem hair samples: a 13-year retrospective study","volume":"14","author":"Niebel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Test Anal"},{"key":"2026063015320899500_bkag052-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111775","DOI":"10.1016\/J.FORSCIINT.2023.111775","article-title":"Non-fentanyl new synthetic opioids \u2013 an update","volume":"349","author":"Zawilska","year":"2023","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"2026063015320899500_bkag052-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.3115","article-title":"Metonitazene in the United States\u2014Forensic toxicology assessment of a potent new synthetic opioid using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry","volume":"13","author":"Krotulski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Test Anal"},{"key":"2026063015320899500_bkag052-B7","author":"European Union Drugs Agency (EUDA)","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026063015320899500_bkag052-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124847","article-title":"Wastewater analysis as a global toxicovigilance tool for the monitoring of new psychoactive substances","volume":"289","author":"Nadarajan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"key":"2026063015320899500_bkag052-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2025.112717","article-title":"Detection and characterisation of a new nitazene analogue, butodesnitazene: a collaborative approach to the identification of novel psychoactive substances through drug checking","volume":"378","author":"Mayer","year":"2026","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"2026063015320899500_bkag052-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30020290","article-title":"Uncovering the metabolic footprint of new psychoactive substances by metabolomics: a systematic review","volume":"30","author":"Almeida","year":"2025","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"2026063015320899500_bkag052-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2020.00539","article-title":"How to study the metabolism of new psychoactive substances for the purpose of toxicological screenings\u2014a follow-up study comparing pooled human liver s9, HepaRG cells, and zebrafish larvae","volume":"8","author":"Wagmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Chem"},{"key":"2026063015320899500_bkag052-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2953","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-025-04049-5","article-title":"Identifying metabolites of new psychoactive substances using in silico prediction tools","volume":"99","author":"Pelletier","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch Toxicol"},{"key":"2026063015320899500_bkag052-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-020-02462-6","article-title":"Development and Validation of Fast UHPLC-MS\/MS Screening Method for 87 NPS and 32 Other Drugs of Abuse in Hair and Nails: Application to Real Cases","author":"Mannocchi","journal-title":"Anal Bioanal Chem"},{"key":"2026063015320899500_bkag052-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.08.031","article-title":"The analysis of 132 novel psychoactive substances in human hair using a single step extraction by tandem LC\/MS","volume":"279","author":"Boumba","year":"2017","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"2026063015320899500_bkag052-B15","author":"The Center for Forensic Science Research & Education"},{"key":"2026063015320899500_bkag052-B16","author":"AAFS Standards Board","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026063015320899500_bkag052-B17","author":"LENAD","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026063015320899500_bkag052-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkx071","article-title":"Stability of synthetic cathinones in blood","volume":"41","author":"Glicksberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"key":"2026063015320899500_bkag052-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-010-3636-5","article-title":"Beta-keto amphetamines: Studies on the metabolism of the designer drug mephedrone and toxicological detection of mephedrone, butylone, and methylone in urine using gas chromatography - mass spectrometry","volume":"397","author":"Meyer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anal Bioanal Chem"},{"key":"2026063015320899500_bkag052-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2006.02.019","article-title":"State of the art in hair analysis for detection of drug and alcohol abuse","volume":"370","author":"Pragst","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"2026063015320899500_bkag052-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716","article-title":"Patterns of use and harms associated with non-medical ketamine use","volume":"69","author":"Dillon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"2026063015320899500_bkag052-B22","author":"European Union Drugs Agency (EUDA)"},{"key":"2026063015320899500_bkag052-B23","volume-title":"European Drug Emergencies Network (Euro-DEN Plus): Data and Analysis","author":"European Union Drugs Agency (EUDA)","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026063015320899500_bkag052-B24","volume-title":"European Web Survey on Drugs 2024: Top-Level Findings, 24 EU Countries and Norway","author":"European Union Drugs Agency (EUDA)","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026063015320899500_bkag052-B25","author":"Greater Manchester: Testing and Research on Emergent and New Drugs","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026063015320899500_bkag052-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.64628\/AA.99p5e5rrh","volume-title":"Ketamine Use Is at an All-Time High. 5 Things to Know Ahead of Festival Season","author":"Clifford","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026063015320899500_bkag052-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110058","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.110058","article-title":"Simultaneous determination of synthetic cannabinoids and their metabolites in human hair using LC-MS\/MS and application to human hair","volume":"306","author":"Cho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"2026063015320899500_bkag052-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkac044","article-title":"Fast and sensitive method for the determination of 17 designer benzodiazepines in hair by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"46","author":"Defreitas","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"key":"2026063015320899500_bkag052-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpbao.2024.100040","article-title":"New screening and quantification method by UHPLC-MS\/MS of 36 new synthetic cathinones in hair. Application to real cases","volume":"4","author":"Faro","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Pharm Biomed Anal Open"},{"key":"2026063015320899500_bkag052-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2017.12.029","article-title":"Synthetic cannabinoids in hair \u2013 Pragmatic approach for method updates, compound prevalences and concentration ranges in authentic hair samples","volume":"1006","author":"Franz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal Chim Acta"},{"key":"2026063015320899500_bkag052-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1002\/jms.2988","article-title":"Simultaneous analysis of several synthetic cannabinoids, THC, CBD and CBN, in hair by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Method validation and application to real samples","volume":"47","author":"Salomone","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Mass Spectrom"},{"key":"2026063015320899500_bkag052-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.12.001","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of drugs in hair by UHPLC high resolution mass spectrometry","volume":"283","author":"Kronstrand","year":"2018","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"2026063015320899500_bkag052-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.1948","article-title":"An LC-MS\/MS methodological approach to the analysis of hair for amphetamine-type-stimulant (ATS) drugs, including selected synthetic cathinones and piperazines","volume":"9","author":"Lendoiro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Test Anal"},{"key":"2026063015320899500_bkag052-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.12.030","article-title":"Cut-off proposal for the detection of ketamine in hair","volume":"248","author":"Salomone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"}],"container-title":["Journal of Analytical Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jat\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jat\/bkag052\/68530159\/bkag052.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jat\/article-pdf\/50\/6\/bkag052\/68530159\/bkag052.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jat\/article-pdf\/50\/6\/bkag052\/68530159\/bkag052.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T09:51:04Z","timestamp":1782899464000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jat\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jat\/bkag052\/8708329"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jat\/bkag052","relation":{},"ISSN":["1945-2403"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-2403","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"article-number":"bkag052"}}