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A sensitive and reliable LC-MS\/MS method coupled with a unified C18 solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedure was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of these seven analytes in biological samples. Following a single oral dose of carbofuran (5 mg\/kg), the parent compound was rapidly absorbed. Notably, the systemic exposure (area under the concentration\u2013time curve, AUC) of several oxidative metabolites, particularly 3-hydroxycarbofuran phenol, significantly exceeded that of carbofuran. For the tissue distribution study, rats were assigned to four carbofuran-treated experimental groups and euthanized at 1, 6, 24, and 72 h post-dosing, respectively. All compounds were widely distributed, with the kidney exhibiting pronounced accumulation at 6 h post-dose, identifying this organ as a primary toxicological target. Furthermore, 3-ketocarbofuran and 3-ketocarbofuran phenol exhibited selective enrichment in lung tissue, while hydroxylated metabolites were detected in muscle and brain tissues, providing a pharmacokinetic rationale for respiratory impairment, intermediate syndrome, and neurotoxicity. Excretion data confirmed renal clearance as the predominant elimination route, with metabolites primarily excreted as hydroxylated and glucuronide-conjugated forms in urine. These findings elucidate the in vivo metabolic fate and multi-organ toxicity of carbofuran, offering critical kinetic data and robust ante-mortem biomarkers for improved risk assessment, forensic intoxication analysis, and health evaluation of long-term exposure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkag069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T11:13:26Z","timestamp":1785323606000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Toxicokinetics and tissue distribution of carbofuran and its six metabolites in rats"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Xian","family":"Ju","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University , Jinzhong, Shanxi 030600,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Shanxi Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine , Jinzhong, Shanxi 030600,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology of Ministry of Public , Jinzhong, Shanxi 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