{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T06:28:49Z","timestamp":1787034529761,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":35,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Australian Research Council Discovery Early Career Award","award":["DE220100381"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE220100381"]}]},{"name":"National Health and Medical Research Council Ideas Grant","award":["GNT2001107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GNT2001107"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The growing emergence of new psychoactive substances (NPS) challenges traditional approaches to drug monitoring, highlighting a need for innovative surveillance strategies. We explored the potential to better understand the NPS market in Australia by combining wastewater analysis with toxicosurveillance programs. Focussing on a time of year of likely higher NPS and drug use, influent wastewater samples were collected from four Australian states (South Australia, Victoria, Queensland, and New South Wales) over the New Year period from 2019\u20132020 to 2024\u20132025. Clinical samples presenting between 15 December and 15 January each period from the toxicosurveillance systems Emerging Drugs Network of Australia (including Western Australia, South Australia, and Queensland), Emerging Drugs Network of Australia Victoria (Victoria) and Prescription, Recreational and Illicit Substance Evaluation\u2014PRISE (New South Wales) were extracted. In total, 294 wastewater and 117 clinical samples were included in this work. A total of 46 individual NPS were found in both datasets. This included: 21 only in wastewater, 36 only in clinical, and 12 in both. Overall, 743 instances of NPS were found in all wastewater samples and 171 in clinical data. In wastewater samples, N, N-dimethylpentylone (54%), mitragynine (52%), and bromazolam (45%) were the most frequently detected. In the clinical samples, the most common were bromazolam (44%) and clonazolam (21%). Overall, synthetic cathinones and plant-based compounds were more prevalent in wastewater, and synthetic opioids and benzodiazepines in clinical samples. Differences in detected NPS classes illustrate the complementary nature of these surveillance systems. Higher wastewater concentrations may indicate broader use and lower acute harm than drugs identified clinically. Integrating these datasets with additional sources such as surveys, coronial records, police seizures, and drug-checking services can strengthen NPS monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkag071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T11:45:46Z","timestamp":1785843946000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Complementary insights from wastewater surveillance and the toxicology findings of clinical presentations involving new psychoactive substances in Australia"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2724-9183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Bade","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Dutton Park , Brisbane, Queensland, 4102,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dhayaalini","family":"Nadarajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Dutton Park , Brisbane, Queensland, 4102,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Toxicology Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital , Brisbane, Queensland, 4102,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland, 4106,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Harvey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Alcohol and Other Drugs, New South Wales Ministry of Health , Sydney, New South Wales, 2065,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thanjira","family":"Jiranantakan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Alcohol and Other Drugs, New South Wales Ministry of Health , Sydney, New South Wales, 2065,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"New South Wales Poisons Information Centre, Sydney Children\u2019s Hospitals Network , Sydney, New South Wales, 2145,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney , Sydney, New South Wales, 2050,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Edith Collins Centre, Drug Health Services, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital , Sydney, New South Wales, 2050,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Alcohol and Other Drugs, New South Wales Ministry of Health , Sydney, New South Wales, 2065,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Partridge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Science SA (Toxicology) , Adelaide, South Australia, 5000,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University , Bedford Park, South Australia, 5042,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8870-6272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer","family":"Schumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine, Monash University , Melbourne, 3006,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine , Melbourne, 3006,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Monash Addiction Research Centre, Eastern Clinical School , Frankston, 3199,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer L","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical School, The University of Western Australia , Perth, WA, 6009,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Centre for Clinical Research in Emergency Medicine, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research , Perth, WA, 6000,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Courtney","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Research in Emergency Medicine, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research , Perth, WA, 6000,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia , Perth, 6009,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1984-0096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wayne","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Dutton Park , Brisbane, Queensland, 4102,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, The University of Queensland , St Lucia, 4072,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081802165978600_bkag071-B1","author":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026081802165978600_bkag071-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2025.104969","article-title":"Novel psychoactive substances in Australian emergency departments: implications for public health practice from multi-centre prospective toxicosurveillance across five states","volume":"145","author":"Smith","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"2026081802165978600_bkag071-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.13825","article-title":"Adulteration 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