{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T07:15:21Z","timestamp":1773040521059,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,2]],"date-time":"2018-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1517529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/about_us\/legal\/notices"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,1]]},"DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bky002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,8]],"date-time":"2018-01-08T20:30:16Z","timestamp":1515443416000},"page":"311-320","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Metabolites of Heroin in Several Different Post-mortem Matrices"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Cecilie Hassel\u00f8","family":"Thaulow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Sciences, Section of Forensic Toxicology, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4950 Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00c5se Marit Leere","family":"\u00d8iestad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Sciences, Section of Forensic Toxicology, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4950 Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sidsel","family":"Rogde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Sciences, Section of Forensic Pathology and Clinical Forensic Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4950 Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, PO Box 1171 Blindern, N-0318 OSLO, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ritva","family":"Karinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Sciences, Section of Forensic Toxicology, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4950 Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerd Wenche","family":"Brochmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Sciences, Section of Forensic Toxicology, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4950 Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jannike M\u00f8rch","family":"Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Sciences, Section of Forensic Toxicology, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4950 Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gudrun","family":"H\u00f8iseth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Sciences, Section of Forensic Toxicology, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4950 Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marte","family":"Handal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 OSLO, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u00f8rg","family":"M\u00f8rland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 OSLO, Norway"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, PO Box 1171 Blindern, N-0318 OSLO, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marianne","family":"Arnestad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Sciences, Section of Forensic Toxicology, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4950 Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth Leere","family":"\u00d8iestad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Sciences, Section of Forensic Toxicology, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4950 Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dag Helge","family":"Strand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Sciences, Section of Forensic Toxicology, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4950 Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vigdis","family":"Vindenes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Sciences, Section of Forensic Toxicology, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4950 Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, PO Box 1171 Blindern, N-0318 OSLO, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180514103536_bky002C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2004.02.013","article-title":"Postmortem toxicology of drugs of abuse","volume":"142","author":"Drummer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Forensic Science International"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180514103536_bky002C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-010-9150-4","article-title":"Postmortem toxicology","volume":"6","author":"Skopp","year":"2010","journal-title":"Forensic Science, Medicine, and Pathology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180514103536_bky002C3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2004.02.012","article-title":"Preanalytic aspects in postmortem toxicology","volume":"142","author":"Skopp","year":"2004","journal-title":"Forensic Science International"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180514103536_bky002C4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/27.8.533","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying postmortem redistribution of drugs: a review","volume":"27","author":"Pelissier-Alicot","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Analytical Toxicology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180514103536_bky002C5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2015.01.003","article-title":"Fatal poisoning in drug addicts in the Nordic countries in 2012","volume":"248","author":"Simonsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Forensic Science International"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180514103536_bky002C6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2003.00330.x","article-title":"Use of morphine and 6-monoacetylmorphine in blood for the evaluation of possible risk factors for sudden death in 192 heroin users","volume":"98","author":"Fugelstad","year":"2003","journal-title":"Addiction (Abingdon, England)"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180514103536_bky002C7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(99)00147-7","article-title":"Heroin-related deaths in New South Wales, Australia, 1992\u20131996","volume":"60","author":"Darke","year":"2000","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180514103536_bky002C8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2006.00067.x","article-title":"The influence of site of collection on postmortem morphine concentrations in heroin overdose victims","volume":"51","author":"Crandall","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Forensic Sciences"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180514103536_bky002C9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/34.8.491","article-title":"Evaluating the relationship between postmortem and antemortem morphine and codeine concentrations in whole blood","volume":"34","author":"Tolliver","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Analytical Toxicology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180514103536_bky002C10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01369670","article-title":"Postmortem distribution pattern of morphine and morphine glucuronides in heroin overdose","volume":"109","author":"Skopp","year":"1996","journal-title":"International Journal of Legal Medicine"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180514103536_bky002C11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-7843.2006.pto_233.x","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of high doses of pharmaceutically prepared heroin, by intravenous or by inhalation route in opioid-dependent patients","volume":"98","author":"Rook","year":"2006","journal-title":"Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180514103536_bky002C12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s11419-011-0123-4","article-title":"Heroin poisoning deaths with 6-monoacetylmorphine in blood: Demographics of the victims, previous drug-related offences, polydrug use, and free morphine concentrations in femoral blood","volume":"30","author":"Jones","year":"2012","journal-title":"Forensic Toxicology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180514103536_bky002C13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/24.7.522","article-title":"Detection times and analytical performance of commercial urine opiate immunoassays following heroin administration","volume":"24","author":"Smith","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Analytical Toxicology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180514103536_bky002C14","first-page":"992","volume-title":"Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man","author":"Baselt","year":"2014","edition":"10th edition"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180514103536_bky002C15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.2174\/157488406775268219","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and pharmacokinetic variability of heroin and its metabolites: review of the literature","volume":"1","author":"Rook","year":"2006","journal-title":"Current Clinical Pharmacology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180514103536_bky002C16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2845","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(87)90431-0","article-title":"Morphine-6-glucuronide, a potent mu agonist","volume":"41","author":"Pasternak","year":"1987","journal-title":"Life Sciences"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180514103536_bky002C17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkt047","article-title":"Postmortem analyses of drugs in pericardial fluid and bone marrow aspirate","volume":"37","author":"Tominaga","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Analytical Toxicology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180514103536_bky002C18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/S1344-6223(99)80018-2","article-title":"Pericardial fluid as an alternative specimen to blood for postmortem toxicological analyses","volume":"1","author":"Moriya","year":"1999","journal-title":"Legal Medicine (Tokyo)"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180514103536_bky002C19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2005.12.030","article-title":"Application of pericardial fluid to the analysis of morphine (heroin) and cocaine in forensic toxicology","volume":"164","author":"Contreras","year":"2006","journal-title":"Forensic Science International"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180514103536_bky002C20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1097\/PAF.0000000000000046","article-title":"Morphine concentrations in skeletal muscle","volume":"35","author":"Hargrove","year":"2014","journal-title":"The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology: Official Publication of the National Association of Medical Examiners"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180514103536_bky002C21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-7368(85)72392-4","article-title":"Muscle as an autopsy material for evaluation of fatal cases of drug overdose","volume":"25","author":"Christensen","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal\u2014Forensic Science Society"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180514103536_bky002C22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9432(74)90010-7","article-title":"Morphine concentrations in blood and organs in cases of fatal poisoning","volume":"3","author":"Felby","year":"1974","journal-title":"Forensic Science"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180514103536_bky002C23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-016-1485-2","article-title":"Time-dependent postmortem redistribution of morphine and its metabolites in blood and alternative matrices-application of CT-guided biopsy sampling","volume":"131","author":"Staeheli","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Legal Medicine"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180514103536_bky002C24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS13006J","article-title":"Skeletal muscle as an alternative specimen for alcohol and drug analysis","volume":"36","author":"Garriott","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Forensic Sciences"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180514103536_bky002C25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.01.002","article-title":"Distribution of opiates in femoral blood and vitreous humour in heroin\/morphine-related deaths","volume":"226","author":"Rees","year":"2013","journal-title":"Forensic Science International"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180514103536_bky002C26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/28.4.260","article-title":"Postmortem distribution of heroin metabolites in femoral blood, liver, cerebrospinal fluid, and vitreous humor","volume":"28","author":"Wyman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Analytical Toxicology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180514103536_bky002C27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/23.3.168","article-title":"Detection of 6-acetylmorphine in vitreous humor and cerebrospinal fluid\u2014comparison with urinary analysis for proving heroin administration in opiate fatalities","volume":"23","author":"Pragst","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Analytical Toxicology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180514103536_bky002C28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/31.8.469","article-title":"Vitreous fluid quantification of opiates, cocaine, and benzoylecgonine: comparison of calibration curves in both blood and vitreous matrices with corresponding concentrations in blood","volume":"31","author":"Antonides","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Analytical Toxicology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180514103536_bky002C29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1177\/002580249903900114","article-title":"Vitreous humor as an alternative sample to blood for the supercritical fluid extraction of morphine and 6-monoacetylmorphine","volume":"39","author":"Scott","year":"1999","journal-title":"Medicine, Science, and the Law"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180514103536_bky002C30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/23.7.570","article-title":"The role of alcohol abuse in the etiology of heroin-related deaths. Evidence for pharmacokinetic interactions between heroin and alcohol","volume":"23","author":"Polettini","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Analytical Toxicology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180514103536_bky002C31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.06.032","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic interactions between ethanol and heroin: a study on post-mortem cases","volume":"242C","author":"Thaulow","year":"2014","journal-title":"Forensic Science International"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180514103536_bky002C32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1093\/anatox\/35.5.280","article-title":"Drug screening of whole blood by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"35","author":"Oiestad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Analytical Toxicology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180514103536_bky002C33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2008.12.052","article-title":"Determination of opiates and cocaine in urine by high pH mobile phase reversed phase UPLC-MS\/MS","volume":"877","author":"Berg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Chromatography. B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180514103536_bky002C34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2006.03.034","article-title":"Headspace gas chromatographic determination of ethanol: the use of factorial design to study effects of blood storage and headspace conditions on ethanol stability and acetaldehyde formation in whole blood and plasma","volume":"161","author":"Kristoffersen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Forensic Science International"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180514103536_bky002C35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3019","DOI":"10.1021\/ac020361s","article-title":"Strategies for the assessment of matrix effect in quantitative bioanalytical methods based on HPLC-MS\/MS","volume":"75","author":"Matuszewski","year":"2003","journal-title":"Analytical Chemistry"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180514103536_bky002C36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/30.6.390","article-title":"Screening for illicit heroin use in patients in a heroin-assisted treatment program","volume":"30","author":"Rook","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Analytical Toxicology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180514103536_bky002C37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/47.2.301","article-title":"Detection of acetylcodeine in urine as an indicator of illicit heroin use: method validation and results of a pilot study","volume":"47","author":"Staub","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clinical Chemistry"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180514103536_bky002C38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.11-0523","article-title":"Correction for multiple testing: is there a resolution?","volume":"140","author":"Streiner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180514103536_bky002C39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-012-9341-2","article-title":"The effect of the postmortem interval on the redistribution of drugs: a comparison of mortuary admission and autopsy blood specimens","volume":"8","author":"Gerostamoulos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Forensic Science, Medicine, and Pathology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180514103536_bky002C40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS12023J","article-title":"The extent of postmortem drug redistribution in a rat model","volume":"44","author":"Hilberg","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Forensic Sciences"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180514103536_bky002C41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2015.00062","article-title":"Physiology of pericardial fluid production and drainage","volume":"6","author":"Vogiatzidis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Frontiers in Physiology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180514103536_bky002C42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-015-1185-3","article-title":"Postmortem redistribution of the heroin metabolites morphine and morphine-3-glucuronide in rabbits over 24 h","volume":"130","author":"Maskell","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Legal Medicine"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180514103536_bky002C43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/s11419-016-0315-z","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of heroin and its metabolites in vitreous humor and blood in a living pig model","volume":"34","author":"Gottas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Forensic Toxicology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180514103536_bky002C44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/s11419-015-0294-5","article-title":"Vitreous humor analysis for the detection of xenobiotics in forensic toxicology: a review","volume":"34","author":"Bevalot","year":"2016","journal-title":"Forensic Toxicology"}],"container-title":["Journal of Analytical Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jat\/article-pdf\/42\/5\/311\/24810869\/bky002.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,25]],"date-time":"2020-10-25T09:55:04Z","timestamp":1603619704000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jat\/article\/42\/5\/311\/4835624"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,2]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,2]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jat\/bky002","relation":{},"ISSN":["0146-4760","1945-2403"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0146-4760","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-2403","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,2]]}}}