{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T00:53:49Z","timestamp":1793321629455,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,7]],"date-time":"2019-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546819200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000058","name":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000058","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Currently, an unprecedented number of individuals can legally access cannabis. Vaporization is increasingly popular as a method to self-administer cannabis, partly due to perception of reduced harm compared with smoking. Few controlled laboratory studies of cannabis have used vaporization as a delivery method or evaluated the acute effects of cannabis among infrequent cannabis users. This study compared the concentrations of cannabinoids in whole blood and oral fluid after administration of smoked and vaporized cannabis in healthy adults who were infrequent users of cannabis. Seventeen healthy adults, with no past-month cannabis use, self-administered smoked or vaporized cannabis containing \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) doses of 0, 10 and 25 mg in six double-blind outpatient sessions. Whole blood and oral fluid specimens were obtained at baseline and for 8 h after cannabis administration. Cannabinoid concentrations were assessed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry (LC\u2013MS-MS) methods. Sensitivity, specificity and agreement between ELISA and LC\u2013MS-MS results were assessed. Subjective, cognitive performance and cardiovascular effects were assessed. The highest concentrations of cannabinoids in both whole blood and oral fluid were typically observed at the first time point (+10 min) after drug administration. In blood, THC, 11-OH-THC, THCCOOH and THCCOOH-glucuronide concentrations were dose-dependent for both methods of administration, but higher following vaporization compared with smoking. THC was detected longer in oral fluid compared to blood and THCCOOH detection in oral fluid was rare and highly erratic. For whole blood, greater detection sensitivity for ELISA testing was observed in vaporized conditions. Conversely, for oral fluid, greater sensitivity was observed in smoked sessions. Blood and\/or oral fluid cannabinoid concentrations were weakly to moderately correlated with pharmacodynamic outcomes. Cannabis pharmacokinetics vary by method of inhalation and biological matrix being tested. Vaporization appears to be a more efficient method of delivery compared with smoking.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bky104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,30]],"date-time":"2018-11-30T15:10:04Z","timestamp":1543590604000},"page":"233-258","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":107,"title":["Acute Pharmacokinetic Profile of Smoked and Vaporized Cannabis in Human Blood and Oral Fluid"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Tory R","family":"Spindle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Dr., Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward J","family":"Cone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Dr., Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas J","family":"Schlienz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Dr., Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John M","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RTI International, Research Triangle Park, 3040 East Cornwallis Rd., NC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George E","family":"Bigelow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Dr., Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald","family":"Flegel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), Division of Workplace Programs (DWP), 5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugene","family":"Hayes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), Division of Workplace Programs (DWP), 5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Vandrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Dr., Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019110703360779000_bky104C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.3138\/cpp.2017-026","article-title":"Toward a regulatory framework for the legalization of cannabis: how do we get to there from here?","volume":"44","author":"Cyrenne","year":"2018","journal-title":"Canadian Public Policy"},{"key":"2019110703360779000_bky104C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.3109\/10826084.2014.958857","article-title":"Perceived harm, addictiveness, and social acceptability of tobacco products and marijuana among young adults: marijuana, hookah, and electronic cigarettes win","volume":"50","author":"Berg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Substance Use & Misuse"},{"key":"2019110703360779000_bky104C3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2017.11.008","article-title":"Routes of administration for cannabis use\u2013basic prevalence and related health outcomes: a scoping review and synthesis","volume":"52","author":"Russell","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Drug 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