{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T05:10:45Z","timestamp":1773810645140,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,30]],"date-time":"2019-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1553904000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Forschungskredit of the University of Zurich","award":["FK-15-038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FK-15-038"]}]},{"name":"Forschungskredit of the University of Zurich","award":["FK-16-042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FK-16-042"]}]},{"name":"Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology of the University of Zurich"},{"name":"Hartmann M\u00fcller Foundation","award":["1826"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1826"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PP00P1-123516\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PP00P1-123516\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PP00P1-146326\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PP00P1-146326\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Given that external contamination must be considered in hair analysis, there is still a demand for reliable tools to differentiate between incorporation of drugs into the hair as a result of drug consumption and of the hair shaft by external contamination. With the aim of establishing alternative discrimination parameters, some of the hydroxy metabolites of cocaine i.e., para- and meta-hydroxycocaine and para- and meta-hydroxybenzoylecgonine were measured together with cocaine, benzoylecgonine, cocaethylene, and norcocaine in five seized street cocaine samples and in hair samples from different cohorts: cohort 1 (in vivo external contamination study, n = 28), cohort 2 (individuals with self-reported cocaine use, n = 92), and cohort 3 (individuals with suspected cocaine use or contamination, n = 198). Statistical evaluation of the data of cohort 1 and 2 using ROC curves yielded metabolic ratios indicating cocaine use. Based on these results, a decision workflow was established for the discrimination between cocaine use and external contamination. The power of this approach was finally statistically validated across the different cohorts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkz022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,26]],"date-time":"2019-02-26T23:29:37Z","timestamp":1551223777000},"page":"543-552","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Cocaine Hydroxy Metabolites in Hair: Indicators for Cocaine Use Versus External Contamination\u2606"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Clementine","family":"Scholz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Forensic Hair Analytics, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Boris B","family":"Quednow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcus","family":"Herdener","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Kraemer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Forensic Hair Analytics, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Markus R","family":"Baumgartner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Forensic Hair Analytics, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019091012033866400_bkz022C1","author":"United Nations Office on 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