{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T21:33:11Z","timestamp":1761514391694,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,2]],"date-time":"2019-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1562025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Betel nut is the fruit of Areca palm, growing in Papua New Guinea. Mixed with limestone and stick mustard, arecoline and guvacoline, which are present in betel nut, are hydrolyzed into arecaidine and guvacine, respectively. As part of the study on dietary habits of Papuans residents, our laboratory was asked to analyze the four alkaloids in hair to document long-term exposure. Hair samples were collected from 19 adult subjects (males\u00a0=\u00a011; females\u00a0=\u00a08), by some of the authors, and were sent to the laboratory for analysis. The four alkaloids have very similar chemical structures. In order to accurately identify the drugs, two methods were developed. First, the compounds were identified using an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography system coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Then, they were quantified by an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography system coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. After decontamination with dichloromethane, hair samples were cut into very small segments and 20\u00a0mg were incubated in methanol for 2\u00a0h 30\u00a0min in an ultrasound bath. After cooling, the methanol was evaporated to dryness in presence of 20-\u03bcL octanol to prevent volatilization. Nicotine-d4 was used as an internal standard. Linearity was observed for concentrations ranging from the limit of quantification to 20\u00a0ng\/mg for arecoline, arecaidine, guvacine and guvacoline. Measured concentrations were in the range 60\u00a0pg\/mg to 18\u00a0ng\/mg for arecoline (n\u00a0=\u00a019), 14\u00a0pg\/mg to 2.5\u00a0ng\/mg for guvacoline (n\u00a0=\u00a011), 63\u00a0pg\/mg to 3.8\u00a0ng\/mg for arecaidine (n\u00a0=\u00a011) and 100\u00a0pg\/mg to 3.2\u00a0ng\/mg for guvacine (n\u00a0=\u00a06). There was no correlation between concentrations of arecoline and arecaidine (ratio from 0.01 to 0.18) and guvacoline and guvacine (ratio from 0.06 to 3.50). However, the identification of these substances in hair is a good marker of consumption of betel nut and allows us to document a local practice that remains difficult to evaluate just by questioning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkz045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,9]],"date-time":"2019-05-09T19:13:59Z","timestamp":1557429239000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Testing for Betel Nut Alkaloids in Hair of Papuans Abusers using UPLC\u2013MS\/MS and UPLC\u2013Q-Tof-MS"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Laurie","family":"Gheddar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de M\u00e9decine L\u00e9gale, 11 rue Humann, F-67000 Strasbourg, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois-Xavier","family":"Ricaut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire \u00c9volution & Diversit\u00e9 Biologique (EDB UMR 5174), Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse Midi-Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es, CNRS, IRD, UPS, 118 route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Ameline","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de M\u00e9decine L\u00e9gale, 11 rue Humann, F-67000 Strasbourg, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Brucato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire \u00c9volution & Diversit\u00e9 Biologique (EDB UMR 5174), Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse Midi-Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es, CNRS, IRD, UPS, 118 route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roxanne","family":"Tsang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Archaeology, School of Humanities & Social Sciences, University of Papua New Guinea, College of Arts, Society & Education, James Cook University, PO Box 6811 Cairns, Qld 4870, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Leavesley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Archaeology, School of Humanities & Social Sciences, University of Papua New Guinea, College of Arts, Society & Education, James Cook University, PO Box 6811 Cairns, Qld 4870, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean-S\u00e9bastien","family":"Raul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de M\u00e9decine L\u00e9gale, 11 rue Humann, F-67000 Strasbourg, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pascal","family":"Kintz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de M\u00e9decine L\u00e9gale, 11 rue Humann, F-67000 Strasbourg, France"},{"name":"X-Pertise Consulting, 42 rue principale, F-67206 Mittelhausbergen, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019070204430913000_ref1","first-page":"22","article-title":"The quid","volume-title":"Betel chewing traditions in South-East Asia","author":"Rooney","year":"1993"},{"volume-title":"Making Lime for Betelnut Chewing in M\u2019Buke, Manus, PNG","year":"2010","author":"WWF","key":"2019070204430913000_ref2"},{"volume-title":"Is The Traditional Chewing of Betel Nut Killing Papua New Guinea?","year":"2017","author":"BBC","key":"2019070204430913000_ref3"},{"volume-title":"Betel Quid And Areca Nut Chewing","year":"1985","key":"2019070204430913000_ref4"},{"key":"2019070204430913000_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02860022","article-title":"Areca nut: India\u2019s popular masticatory\u2014history, chemistry and utilization","volume":"12","author":"Raghavan","year":"1958","journal-title":"Economic 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