{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T13:03:11Z","timestamp":1784120591151,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,30]],"date-time":"2019-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Poison Control and Forensic Medical Chemistry Center, Ministry of Health, Jeddah Health affair, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>A specific, sensitive, fast and simple method for analysis of \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 11-hydroxy-\u03949-THC (THC-OH) and 11-nor-\u03949-THC-9-carboxylic acid (THC-COOH) in routine postmortem cases using LC\u2013MS\u2013MS was developed and validated. Prior to solid phase extraction, urine, stomach contents and bile were pretreated using alkaline hydrolysis, while blood and vitreous humor were pretreated with protein precipitation. The distribution of THC, THC-OH and THC-COOH were investigated in 31 postmortem cases that tested positive for cannabinoids. This revealed new information regarding the distribution of THC in stomach contents and vitreous humor. Alkaline hydrolysis was sufficient for the deglucuronidation of THC-COOH-glucuronide to its free form, THC-COOH, in urine, bile and stomach contents. However, the THC-OH concentration in bile reported in this study is considerably high compared to that of previous studies. In conclusion, including THC and its metabolites (THC-OH and THC-COOH) is crucial for any forensic toxicology detection method to most accurately determine the role of cannabinoids in deaths.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkz065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,13]],"date-time":"2019-07-13T15:08:09Z","timestamp":1563030489000},"page":"703-719","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Method for Postmortem Quantification of \u03949-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Metabolites Using LC\u2013MS\u2013MS"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Ahmed I","family":"Al-Asmari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Poison Control and Forensic Medical Chemistry Center, and Department of Laboratory, King Abdul-Aziz Hospital, Ministry of Health, 6470, Jeddah 21442, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019122605273876600_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.18356\/d29e3f27-en","volume-title":"World Drug Report 2018","author":"United Nations Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention","year":"2018"},{"key":"2019122605273876600_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.02.001","article-title":"Sudden unexpected death under acute influence of cannabis","volume":"237","author":"Hartung","year":"2014","journal-title":"Forensic Science International"},{"key":"2019122605273876600_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4274(80)90073-9","article-title":"Detection of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in the organs of a suspected case of cannabis poisoning","volume":"5","author":"Tewari","year":"1980","journal-title":"Toxicology Letters"},{"key":"2019122605273876600_ref4","first-page":"371","article-title":"Toxicological study of a fatal intoxication by man due to cannabis smoking","volume":"24","author":"Heyndrickx","year":"1969","journal-title":"Journal de Pharmacie de Belgique"},{"key":"2019122605273876600_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-0738(01)00609-0","article-title":"Acute cardiovascular fatalities following cannabis use","volume":"124","author":"Bachs","year":"2001","journal-title":"Forensic Science International"},{"key":"2019122605273876600_ref6","volume-title":"Clarke's Analysis of Drugs and Poisons: In Pharmaceuticals, Body Fluids and Postmortem Material","author":"Moffat","year":"2011"},{"key":"2019122605273876600_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkx033","article-title":"Postmortem fluid and tissue concentrations of THC, 11-OH-THC and THC-COOH","volume":"41","author":"Saenz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Analytical Toxicology"},{"key":"2019122605273876600_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.08.013","article-title":"Distribution of free and conjugated cannabinoids in human bile samples","volume":"223","author":"Fabritius","year":"2012","journal-title":"Forensic Science International"},{"key":"2019122605273876600_ref9","volume-title":"The Forensic Pharmacology of Drugs of Abuse","author":"Drummer","year":"2001"},{"key":"2019122605273876600_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.200790152","article-title":"Human cannabinoid pharmacokinetics","volume":"4","author":"Huestis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chemistry and Biodiversity"},{"key":"2019122605273876600_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/16.5.276","article-title":"Blood cannabinoids. 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