{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T11:25:30Z","timestamp":1785929130778,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,11]],"date-time":"2020-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583884800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>This report details the toxicology profile of victims of drug-facilitated sexual assault (DFSA) in New Zealand from 2015 to 2018. This study represents all of the toxicology results for DFSA cases in New Zealand during this time period, of which there were 161 cases. Blood and urine samples were screened for legal and illicit drugs in addition to testing for alcohol and correlating alcohol concentration with sampling delay. Our results indicate that increased delay in sampling time resulted in a corresponding decrease in alcohol concentration. In victims who had declared alcohol use but of which none was detected, the average sampling time was 14\u00a0hours for blood and 17\u00a0hours for urine, which is in excess of the average sampling delay for even the lowest alcohol-positive samples. The most frequently detected alcohol concentration was in the range of 51\u201380\u00a0mg\/100\u00a0mL for blood and 121\u2013200\u00a0mg\/100\u00a0mL for urine with an average sampling time of 8.5 and 6.5\u00a0hours, respectively. We also examined acetone concentrations in alcohol-positive samples, and our results indicate that 82% of blood alcohol-positive samples contained acetone at concentrations between 5 and 10\u00a0mg\/L and 68% of alcohol-positive urine samples contained acetone at a concentration &amp;gt;20\u00a0mg\/L. It may be that the nature of sexual assault affects an individual\u2019s metabolism of alcohol and results in increased acetone production. Cannabis was the most commonly detected illicit drug, followed by methamphetamine. In relation to medicinal drugs, there was a high usage of antidepressants and antipsychotics, suggesting the victims may have been people of vulnerable personality. Based on case information, it does not appear there are many cases where stupefaction by unknown administration of a drug has occurred, instead loss of consent through voluntary alcohol and drug consumption is more common and poses a greater risk than surreptitious drug administration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkz110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,10]],"date-time":"2020-03-10T20:22:34Z","timestamp":1583871754000},"page":"44-52","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Toxicological Assessment of the Role of Alcohol and Drugs in Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault Cases in New Zealand"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Helen","family":"Poulsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Special Analytical Services (Toxicology), Institute of Environmental Science and Research, 34 Kenepuru Drive, Porirua 5020, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary-Jane","family":"McCarthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Special Analytical Services (Toxicology), Institute of Environmental Science and Research, 34 Kenepuru Drive, Porirua 5020, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Special Analytical Services (Toxicology), Institute of Environmental Science and Research, 34 Kenepuru Drive, Porirua 5020, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Avnish","family":"Verma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied and Human Sciences, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston Upon Thames, Surrey KT1 2EE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah J","family":"Moir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied and Human Sciences, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston Upon Thames, Surrey KT1 2EE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tara","family":"Brodie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied and Human Sciences, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston Upon Thames, Surrey KT1 2EE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baljit","family":"Thatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied and Human Sciences, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston Upon Thames, Surrey KT1 2EE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gavin","family":"Trotter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied and Human Sciences, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston Upon Thames, Surrey KT1 2EE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Rooney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied and Human Sciences, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston Upon Thames, Surrey KT1 2EE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021020912553482500_ref1","article-title":"Operation Matisse: Investigating Drug Facilitated Sexual Assault","author":"Association of Chief Police Officers","year":"2006"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021020912553482500_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2008.05.006","article-title":"Alleged drug facilitated sexual assault (DFSA) in Northern Ireland from 1999 to 2005. 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