{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T16:03:44Z","timestamp":1778947424586,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,3]],"date-time":"2020-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580688000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Phencyclidine (PCP) was first synthesized in 1926 and originally developed in 1950s as a general anesthetic agent. Abuse of PCP declined at the national level since its first illicit use in 1960s, but it continues in certain areas including Houston. This research evaluates PCP-positive cases of driving while intoxicated (DWI) in 2013\u20132018. The blood samples were collected from drivers, submitted by the Houston Police Department and analyzed for alcohol and drugs. Toxicological findings and demographic information were evaluated for the impaired driving cases tested positive for PCP in blood. Additionally, the Drug Recognition Expert (DRE) findings were examined for 12 cases in 2018. A total of 615 DWI cases positive for PCP in blood were identified in which the traffic offense occurred between August 2013 and December 2018. The mean (median, range) PCP concentration was 47 (43, 7\u2013180)\u00a0ng\/mL. A total of 23% of those cases were females, and 77% were males; 85% were blacks, 10% were whites and 5% were other races\/ethnicities as identified by the arresting officer. The mean age was 37\u00a0years. No significant differences in median and distribution of PCP concentrations (P\u2019s\u00a0&amp;gt;\u00a00.05) were observed across the offense years and among demographic cohorts. A total of 43% of the cases were positive for PCP only. Among the remaining 57%, cannabinoids are the most common concurrently detected analytes (35%), followed by cocaine\/metabolite (14%) and ethanol (13%). The proportion of black male PCP-positive drivers decreased in younger age groups. Common indications observed by DRE officers included slurred speech, chemical breath odor, watery and\/or bloodshot eyes, vertical\/horizontal gaze nystagmus and impaired coordination\/balance. This study provides valuable regional information to better understand the demographic patterns of PCP-impaired drivers in Houston, TX over 6\u00a0years. The findings may aid in designing and implementing regulations and prevention programs to reduce PCP-impaired driving.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkz111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,23]],"date-time":"2020-01-23T20:09:13Z","timestamp":1579810153000},"page":"499-503","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Toxicological and Demographic Profiles of Phencyclidine-Impaired Driving Cases in Houston"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Dayong","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Houston Forensic Science Center, 500 Jefferson St., 13th Floor, Houston, TX, 77002 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Stout","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Houston Forensic Science Center, 500 Jefferson St., 13th Floor, Houston, TX, 77002 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020062302235104000_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/21.6.498","article-title":"Phencyclidine blood concentrations in DRE cases","volume":"21","author":"Kunsman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Analytical Toxicology"},{"key":"2020062302235104000_ref2","first-page":"61","article-title":"Phencyclidine\u2014Effects on human performance and behavior","volume":"15","author":"Mozayani","year":"2003","journal-title":"Forensic Science Review"},{"key":"2020062302235104000_ref3","first-page":"371","volume-title":"Principles of Forensic Toxicology, Chapter 21","author":"Jenkins","year":"2013","edition":"4th"},{"key":"2020062302235104000_ref4","article-title":"Phencyclidine: An update","author":"National Institute on Drug Abuse Research 64 Monograph Series"},{"key":"2020062302235104000_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkx082","article-title":"Recommendations for toxicological investigation of drug-impaired driving and motor vehicle fatalities\u20142017 update","volume":"42","author":"Logan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Analytical Toxicology"},{"key":"2020062302235104000_ref6","volume-title":"Selected Intelligence Brief Microgram Bulletin\u2014PCP: The Threat Remains","author":"Drug Enforcement Administration U.S. Department of Justice","year":"2003"},{"key":"2020062302235104000_ref7","article-title":"Convention on psychotropic substances, 1971","author":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime"},{"key":"2020062302235104000_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2010.01687.x","article-title":"Phencyclidine: A 5-year retrospective review from the New York City Medical Examiner\u2019s office","volume":"56","author":"deRoux","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Forensic Sciences"},{"key":"2020062302235104000_ref9","article-title":"PCP drug intelligence report","author":"The White House National Security Council Office of National Drug Control Policy"},{"key":"2020062302235104000_ref10","article-title":"Results from the 2017 National Survey on Drug Use and Health","author":"The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration"},{"key":"2020062302235104000_ref11","article-title":"QuickFacts\u2014Houston city","author":"Texas. United States Census Bureau"},{"key":"2020062302235104000_ref12","article-title":"News release: Nine Houston residents arrested in largest PCP seizure in DEA history","author":"Drug Enforcement Administration"},{"key":"2020062302235104000_ref13","article-title":"The 12-step DRE protocol","author":"International Association of Chiefs of Police"},{"key":"2020062302235104000_ref14","first-page":"325","article-title":"A review of PCP abuse trends and perceptions","volume":"104","author":"Thombs","year":"1989","journal-title":"Public Health Reports"},{"key":"2020062302235104000_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/3.6.238","article-title":"The phencyclidine-intoxicated driver","volume":"3","author":"Clardy","year":"1979","journal-title":"Journal of Analytical Toxicology"},{"key":"2020062302235104000_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/3.2.72","article-title":"Nitrogen-sensitive gas chromatographic detection and quantitation of nanogram levels of phencyclidine in whole blood","volume":"3","author":"Lewellen","year":"1979","journal-title":"Journal of Analytical Toxicology"},{"key":"2020062302235104000_ref17","volume-title":"The Society of Forensic Toxicologists 2018 Annual Meeting","author":"Jones"},{"key":"2020062302235104000_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/22.6.515","article-title":"Stability of phencyclidine in stored blood samples","volume":"22","author":"Grieshaber","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Analytical Toxicology"},{"key":"2020062302235104000_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/25.5.339","article-title":"Importance of vacutainer selection in forensic toxicological analysis of drugs of abuse","volume":"25","author":"Toennes","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Analytical Toxicology"}],"container-title":["Journal of Analytical Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jat\/article-pdf\/44\/5\/499\/33417804\/bkz111.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jat\/article-pdf\/44\/5\/499\/33417804\/bkz111.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,23]],"date-time":"2020-06-23T06:25:33Z","timestamp":1592893533000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jat\/article\/44\/5\/499\/5721762"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,3]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jat\/bkz111","relation":{},"ISSN":["0146-4760","1945-2403"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0146-4760","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-2403","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,3]]}}}