{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,31]],"date-time":"2025-08-31T10:15:11Z","timestamp":1756635311245,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]],"date-time":"2024-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719446400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Gel fuels, composed of flammable substances like ethanol and methanol, are commonly used for heating in various settings. Despite their convenience, improper handling can lead to severe burn injuries. This study examines the characteristics of gel fuels, particularly focusing on the \u201cnapalm effect\u201d where the fuel continues to burn on surfaces it adheres to. A review of gel fuel burn literature was conducted, along with an analysis of 2 recent cases admitted to a burn unit. Gel fuel burns, though rare, can result in deep and extensive injuries, especially affecting the hands, face, and upper body. The cases presented highlight the severity of such burns and the challenges in their management, including respiratory complications and the need for early excision and grafting. Gel fuel burns, while infrequent in medical literature, pose significant risks and require specialized care. Further research and possibly regulatory measures may be warranted to mitigate these risks and prevent severe injuries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jbcr\/irae122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]],"date-time":"2024-06-27T07:35:49Z","timestamp":1719473749000},"page":"303-306","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Gel Fuel Burns and the Napalm Effect"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1850-072X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammed Salih","family":"S\u00fcer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Etlik City Hospital Department of General Surgery, , Ankara 06150,","place":["Turkey"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7430-1610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00d6mer","family":"Cennet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hacettepe University Medical School Department of General Surgery, , Ankara 06230,","place":["Turkey"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]]},"reference":[{"year":"2013","author":"Marsh","key":"2025030503421646500_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6028\/nist.tn.1791"},{"volume-title":"Napalm Toxicity.","year":"2023","author":"Guldner","key":"2025030503421646500_CIT0002"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025030503421646500_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1056\/nejm196707132770207","article-title":"Current concepts. Napalm","volume":"277","author":"Reich","year":"1967","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025030503421646500_CIT0004","first-page":"136","article-title":"Making fires that beat Japan","volume-title":"Fires and the Air War","author":"Nathans","year":"1946"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025030503421646500_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.3390\/en16010298","article-title":"Gel fuels: preparing, rheology, atomization, combustion","volume":"16","author":"Glushkov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energies"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025030503421646500_CIT0006","first-page":"8","article-title":"Jel Yak\u0131tlar\u0131n Yang\u0131n R\u0130ski","volume":"196","author":"Kilic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Yang\u0131n ve g\u00fcvenlik Dergisi"},{"key":"2025030503421646500_CIT0007","volume-title":"Schwartz\u2019s Principles of Surgery","author":"Brunicardi","year":"2019","edition":"11"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025030503421646500_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-197012000-00001","article-title":"A new concept in the early excision and immediate grafting of burns","volume":"10","author":"Janzekovic","year":"1970","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025030503421646500_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.29271\/jcpsp.2023.06.673","article-title":"Comparison of uncultured cell spray and split-thickness skin grafting in deep partial-thickness burns: a novel animal model","volume":"33","author":"Nural","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Coll Physicians Surg Pak"},{"year":"2011","author":"US Consumer Product Safety Commission","key":"2025030503421646500_CIT0010"},{"year":"2021","author":"Chaffin Luhana","key":"2025030503421646500_CIT0011"}],"container-title":["Journal of Burn Care &amp; Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jbcr\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jbcr\/irae122\/58480685\/irae122.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jbcr\/article-pdf\/46\/2\/303\/58480685\/irae122.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jbcr\/article-pdf\/46\/2\/303\/58480685\/irae122.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]],"date-time":"2025-03-05T03:42:26Z","timestamp":1741146146000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jbcr\/article\/46\/2\/303\/7699944"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jbcr\/irae122","relation":{},"ISSN":["1559-047X","1559-0488"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1559-047X"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1559-0488"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]]}}}