{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T02:22:28Z","timestamp":1790302948474,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Frostbite injuries account for 2000-4000 hospital admissions annually in the United States, with 30% of severe cases requiring amputation and up to 70% of cases resulting in long-term sequelae or disability. Traditional practice following frostbite injury is to delay surgical intervention 4-6\u00a0weeks to preserve limb length, tissue coverage, and reduce complications. This study examines amputation timing among frostbite patients in the United States and identifies factors influencing early versus delayed amputation. This retrospective study used the Nationwide Readmission Database (NRD) from 2016 to 2020 to identify frostbite admissions. Logistic regression models identified predictors of early amputation. Among 4786 patients with frostbite injury, 1422 (29.7%) underwent amputation. Of these, 977 (68.7%) had early amputations. Drug and alcohol use and housing insecurity were more prevalent among amputated patients, but were not associated with early amputation. Female sex, drug or alcohol use, comorbidities, infection or cellulitis, and mental health diagnoses were associated with a lower likelihood of early amputation. In adjusted models, infection\/cellulitis was associated with lower odds of early amputation in the full cohort and not associated with timing in the nonelective subset. Across US admissions captured in the NRD, amputations commonly occurred within 30\u00a0days of presentation, diverging from historical \u201cwatchful waiting\u201d practices. Social drivers of health influence need for and timing of amputations. Infection and cellulitis, which may necessitate urgent intervention, were not associated with increased likelihood of early amputation timing. Future research should explore factors driving early amputation and assess the impact of amputation timing on functional outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jbcr\/irag001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T12:15:12Z","timestamp":1769516112000},"page":"817-823","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Frostbite in January\u2014Amputate in July: Is Watchful Waiting for Surgical Management Following Frostbite Injury Still Standard? An Examination of the National Readmission Database"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Lexy","family":"Kindt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Hennepin County Medical Center, Hennepin Healthcare , Minneapolis, MN 55415 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8101-0250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charly","family":"Vang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Hennepin County Medical Center, Hennepin Healthcare , Minneapolis, MN 55415 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derek C","family":"Lumbard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Hennepin County Medical Center, Hennepin Healthcare , Minneapolis, MN 55415 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyle","family":"Schmitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Hennepin County Medical Center, Hennepin Healthcare , Minneapolis, MN 55415 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2807-519X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel M","family":"Nygaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Hennepin County Medical Center, Hennepin Healthcare , Minneapolis, MN 55415 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026050508224108200_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1093\/jbcr\/irab115","article-title":"Social determinants of poor outcomes following frostbite injury: a study of the National Inpatient 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