{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T13:16:40Z","timestamp":1793193400770,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study investigates patient and procedural factors related to complications in lactating patients undergoing image-guided core-needle breast biopsies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study identified patients who were breastfeeding and underwent biopsies between December 2012 and February 2024. Imaging findings, procedural details, pathology, 30-day complications, and clinical course were reviewed. Factors associated with complications were investigated using Fisher\u2019s exact test, logistic regression, and the chi-squared test.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 97 biopsies were performed in 88 patients who were lactating (median age 33 years, range 21-47). The median postpartum time at biopsy was 4 months (range 0-5 months). The most common biopsy types included 59\/97 (60.8%) 14-gauge US, 19\/97 (19.6%) 18-gauge US, and 16\/97 (16.5%) 9-gauge vacuum stereotactic. Some 6\/97 (6.2%) biopsies yielded malignant diagnoses. The 30-day complication rate was 19\/88 (21.6%) patients, with 11\/88 (12.5%) developing milk fistula, 10\/88 (11.4%) developing infection, and 2\/88 (2.3%) requiring surgery or hospitalization. Some 9\/11 (81.8%) milk fistulas resolved with continued breastfeeding. Biopsies performed near the obstetric delivery date (P = .03) and biopsy sites closer to the nipple (P = .04) were at increased risk for complication. Patients with milk fistula had significantly elevated infection risk (P = .0003; odds ratio = 16). No statistically significant associations were found between milk fistula formation and biopsy needle gauge or total volume of tissue removed at biopsy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A significant portion of patients who are lactating may develop postprocedural complications after core-needle biopsy, but serious complications are infrequent. Biopsy needle gauge is not associated with milk fistula or other complication. Most milk fistulas from core-needle biopsy will resolve without the need to stop breastfeeding.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jbi\/wbaf070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T12:17:49Z","timestamp":1760530669000},"page":"255-268","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Factors Associated With Procedural Complications in Lactating Patients Undergoing Image-Guided Core-Needle Breast Biopsy"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7986-487X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eun L","family":"Langman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, NC ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Connie","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, NC 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