{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T01:57:19Z","timestamp":1789696639916,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death among women globally, with significant mortality and poorer outcomes compared with men. Traditional CVD risk assessment methods are less effective for women in part due to a lack of consideration for female-specific risk factors and the underrepresentation of women in research. Mammography, primarily used for breast cancer screening, also provides valuable data on breast arterial calcifications (BAC), which are associated with increased CVD risk. Despite its potential, BAC is not routinely reported or used in clinical practice due to variability in reporting practices and the absence of standardized reporting and clinical follow-up guidelines. Various qualitative and quantitative techniques for the classification of BAC and the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in automating BAC quantification have been suggested. Surveys reveal varying attitudes toward BAC reporting among patients, radiologists, and referring clinicians. Despite the potential benefits of BAC reporting for personalized cardiovascular risk assessment, challenges remain, including the need to assess the cost-effectiveness of long-term outcomes, standardized guidelines, and effective follow-up.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jbi\/wbaf074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T13:05:43Z","timestamp":1762520743000},"page":"125-135","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Classification and Reporting of Breast Arterial Calcifications: Current State and Ongoing Challenges"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Katherine","family":"Stephens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center; Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine , Cleveland, OH ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rona\u00e9 K","family":"McLin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine , Cleveland, OH ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rasha T","family":"Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale New Haven Hospital, Yale University , New Haven, CT ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miette","family":"Ogg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine , Cleveland, OH ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Nemer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center; Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine , Cleveland, OH ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donna M","family":"Plecha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center; Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine , Cleveland, OH ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faezeh","family":"Sodagari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center; Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine , Cleveland, OH ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10292","key":"2026032712523594400_wbaf074-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2385","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00684-X","article-title":"The Lancet women and cardiovascular disease Commission: reducing the global burden by 2030","volume":"397","author":"Vogel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026032712523594400_wbaf074-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1159\/000370018","article-title":"Transforming cardiovascular disease prevention in women: time for the Pygmalion construct to end","volume":"130","author":"Wenger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cardiology"},{"key":"2026032712523594400_wbaf074-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medntd.2019.100025","article-title":"Gender differences in cardiovascular disease","volume":"4","author":"Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med Nov Technol Dev"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026032712523594400_wbaf074-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.7.898","article-title":"Prevalence of conventional risk factors in patients with coronary heart disease","volume":"290","author":"Khot","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026032712523594400_wbaf074-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.044169","article-title":"Sudden cardiac death as first manifestation of heart disease in women: the Oregon Sudden Unexpected Death Study, 2004-2016","volume":"141","author":"Reinier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026032712523594400_wbaf074-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e54264","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.54264","article-title":"Gender bias in diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cardiovascular diseases: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Al Hamid","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026032712523594400_wbaf074-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e239","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000907","article-title":"Ten-year differences in women\u2019s awareness related to coronary heart disease: results of the 2019 American Heart Association national survey: a special report from the American Heart Association","volume":"143","author":"Cushman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026032712523594400_wbaf074-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2016.03.006","article-title":"Do breast arterial calcifications on mammography predict elevated risk of coronary artery disease?","volume":"85","author":"Chadashvili","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026032712523594400_wbaf074-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2022.0394","article-title":"Associations of breast arterial calcifications with cardiovascular disease","volume":"32","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Womens Health (Larchmt)"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026032712523594400_wbaf074-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2013.08.055","article-title":"Age-specific analyses of breast cancer versus heart disease mortality in women","volume":"113","author":"Canto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026032712523594400_wbaf074-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2022.10.001","article-title":"Mammography biomarkers of cardiovascular and musculoskeletal health: a review","volume":"167","author":"Magni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"2026032712523594400_wbaf074-B12","first-page":"306","volume-title":"Gray\u2019s Surgical Anatomy","author":"Arthur","year":"2020","edition":"1st ed"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026032712523594400_wbaf074-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0235228","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0235228","article-title":"Intimal and medial calcification in relation to cardiovascular risk factors","volume":"15","author":"Zwakenberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026032712523594400_wbaf074-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.06.049","article-title":"Medial arterial calcification: JACC state-of-the-art review","volume":"78","author":"Lanzer","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026032712523594400_wbaf074-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1089\/154099904323087060","article-title":"Breast vascular calcification and risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, and heart failure","volume":"13","author":"Iribarren","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Womens Health (Larchmt)"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026032712523594400_wbaf074-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2009.09.039","article-title":"Usefulness of breast arterial calcium detected on mammography for predicting coronary artery disease or cardiovascular events in women with angina pectoris and\/or positive stress tests","volume":"105","author":"Penugonda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2026032712523594400_wbaf074-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2021.01.027","article-title":"Reporting and perceptions of breast arterial calcification on mammography: a survey of ACR radiologists","volume":"29","author":"Brown","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acad Radiol"},{"key":"2026032712523594400_wbaf074-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.4103\/2156-7514.119013","article-title":"Prevalence and degree of breast arterial calcifications on mammography: a cross-sectional analysis","volume":"3","author":"Loberant","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Imaging Sci"},{"key":"2026032712523594400_wbaf074-B19","author":"Canadian Canadian Society of Breast Imaging Position Statement on Breast Arterial Calcification Reporting on Mammography"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026032712523594400_wbaf074-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0122289","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0122289","article-title":"Prevalence of coronary artery disease evaluated by coronary CT angiography in women with mammographically detected breast arterial calcifications","volume":"10","author":"Mostafavi","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026032712523594400_wbaf074-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1177\/08465371221140347","article-title":"Correlation between breast arterial calcifications and higher cardiovascular risk: awareness and attitudes amongst Canadian radiologists who report mammography","volume":"74","author":"Heaney","year":"2023","journal-title":"Can Assoc Radiol J"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026032712523594400_wbaf074-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1177\/08465371251337022","article-title":"Joint BrEast CAncer & CardiOvascular ScreeniNg: BEACON study to assess opportunistic cardiovascular screening using breast arterial calcification on mammography","volume":"76","author":"McKee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Can Assoc Radiol J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026032712523594400_wbaf074-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.10100383","article-title":"Ordinal scoring of coronary artery calcifications on low-dose CT scans of the chest is predictive of death from cardiovascular disease","volume":"257","author":"Shemesh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026032712523594400_wbaf074-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2015.10.022","article-title":"Digital mammography and screening for coronary artery disease","volume":"9","author":"Margolies","year":"2016","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026032712523594400_wbaf074-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.21037\/qims-20-560","article-title":"Semiquantitative score of breast arterial calcifications on mammography (BAC-SS): intra- and inter-reader reproducibility","volume":"11","author":"Trimboli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Quant Imaging Med Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026032712523594400_wbaf074-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.17816\/DD623196","article-title":"Use of artificial intelligence in the diagnosis of arterial calcification","volume":"5","author":"Trusov","year":"2024","journal-title":"Digit Diagn"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026032712523594400_wbaf074-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/s41747-024-00478-6","article-title":"Deep transfer learning for detection of breast arterial calcifications on mammograms: a comparative study","volume":"8","author":"Mobini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Radiol Exp"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026032712523594400_wbaf074-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacadv.2024.101283","article-title":"Automated breast arterial calcification score is associated with cardiovascular outcomes and mortality","volume":"3","author":"Allen","year":"2024","journal-title":"JACC Adv"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026032712523594400_wbaf074-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2017.2655486","article-title":"Detecting cardiovascular disease from mammograms with deep learning","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Med Imaging"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026032712523594400_wbaf074-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1093\/jbi\/wbad063","article-title":"Patient notification about breast arterial calcification on mammography: empowering women with information about cardiovascular risk","volume":"5","author":"Vincoff","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Breast Imaging"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026032712523594400_wbaf074-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e86894","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.86894","article-title":"A review of artificial intelligence models for detecting breast arterial calcification on mammograms and their clinical implications","volume":"17","author":"Chidurala","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026032712523594400_wbaf074-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1093\/jbi\/wbab009","article-title":"Breast arterial calcifications on mammography: a survey of practicing radiologists","volume":"3","author":"Collado-Mesa","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Breast Imaging"},{"key":"2026032712523594400_wbaf074-B33","author":"Accurate detection matters"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026032712523594400_wbaf074-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1093\/jbi\/wbae064","article-title":"Artificial intelligence-based software for breast arterial calcification detection on mammograms","volume":"7","author":"Watanabe","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Breast Imaging"},{"key":"2026032712523594400_wbaf074-B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Wang","DOI":"10.1117\/12.3023832"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026032712523594400_wbaf074-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.18.20171","article-title":"Breast arterial calcification in the mammogram report: the patient perspective","volume":"212","author":"Margolies","year":"2019","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026032712523594400_wbaf074-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-020-07136-6","article-title":"Breast arterial calcifications as a biomarker of cardiovascular risk: radiologists\u2019 awareness, reporting, and action. A survey among the EUSOBI members","volume":"31","author":"Trimboli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026032712523594400_wbaf074-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1093\/jbi\/wbab076","article-title":"Breast arterial calcifications: reporting preferences and impact on screening for coronary artery disease","volume":"3","author":"Zaki-Metias","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Breast Imaging"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026032712523594400_wbaf074-B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1177\/08465371241262292","article-title":"Breast arterial calcifications on mammography: awareness and reporting preferences amongst referring physicians in Canada","volume":"76","author":"Zaki-Metias","year":"2025","journal-title":"Can Assoc Radiol J"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026032712523594400_wbaf074-B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2018.07.035","article-title":"Breast arterial calcium: a game changer in women\u2019s cardiovascular health?","volume":"12","author":"Quispe","year":"2019","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026032712523594400_wbaf074-B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2015.09.017","article-title":"Recognizing breast arterial calcification as atherosclerotic CVD risk equivalent: from evidence to action","volume":"9","author":"Nasir","year":"2016","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026032712523594400_wbaf074-B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.025277","article-title":"Breast arterial calcification: expanding the reach of cardiovascular prevention","volume":"135","author":"Polonsky","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"7 Pt 1","key":"2026032712523594400_wbaf074-B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2018.07.004","article-title":"Prediction of subclinical coronary artery disease with breast arterial calcification and low bone mass in asymptomatic women: registry for the women health cohort for the BBC study","volume":"12","author":"Yoon","year":"2019","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026032712523594400_wbaf074-B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e013526","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.121.013526","article-title":"Breast arterial calcification: a novel cardiovascular risk enhancer among postmenopausal women","volume":"15","author":"Iribarren","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"2026032712523594400_wbaf074-B45","volume-title":"American College of Radiology National Radiology Data Registry: qualified clinial data registry measures","author":"QMM28: reporting breast arterial calcification (BAC) on screening mammography"}],"container-title":["Journal of Breast Imaging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jbi\/article-pdf\/8\/2\/125\/66851529\/wbaf074.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jbi\/article-pdf\/8\/2\/125\/66851529\/wbaf074.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T16:52:45Z","timestamp":1774630365000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jbi\/article\/8\/2\/125\/8472699"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jbi\/wbaf074","relation":{},"ISSN":["2631-6110","2631-6129"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2631-6110","type":"print"},{"value":"2631-6129","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}}}