{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T22:20:49Z","timestamp":1793830849394,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,9]],"date-time":"2024-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712620800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Board of Trustees for the Bone Health and Osteoporosis Foundation"},{"name":"Amgen, Inc"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Using race and ethnicity in clinical algorithms potentially contributes to health inequities. The American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR) Professional Practice Committee convened the ASBMR Task Force on Clinical Algorithms for Fracture Risk to determine the impact of race and ethnicity adjustment in the US Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (US-FRAX). The Task Force engaged the University of Minnesota Evidence\u2013based Practice Core to conduct a systematic review investigating the performance of US-FRAX for predicting incident fractures over 10\u00a0years in Asian, Black, Hispanic, and White individuals. Six studies from the Women\u2019s Health Initiative (WHI) and Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (SOF) were eligible; cohorts only included women and were predominantly White (WHI\u2009&amp;gt;\u200980% and SOF\u2009&amp;gt;\u200999%), data were not consistently stratified by race and ethnicity, and when stratified there were far fewer fractures in Black and Hispanic women vs White women rendering area under the curve (AUC) estimates less stable. In the younger WHI cohort (n\u2009=\u200964\u2009739), US-FRAX without bone mineral density (BMD) had limited discrimination for major osteoporotic fracture (MOF) (AUC 0.53 (Black), 0.57 (Hispanic), and 0.57 (White)); somewhat better discrimination for hip fracture in White women only (AUC 0.54 (Black), 0.53 (Hispanic), and 0.66 (White)). In a subset of the older WHI cohort (n\u2009=\u200923\u2009918), US-FRAX without BMD overestimated MOF. The Task Force concluded that there is little justification for estimating fracture risk while incorporating race and ethnicity adjustments and recommends that fracture prediction models not include race or ethnicity adjustment but instead be population-based and reflective of US demographics, and inclusive of key clinical, behavioral, and social determinants (where applicable). Research cohorts should be representative vis-\u00e0-vis race, ethnicity, gender, and age. There should be standardized collection of race and ethnicity; collection of social determinants of health to investigate impact on fracture risk; and measurement of fracture rates and BMD in cohorts inclusive of those historically underrepresented in osteoporosis research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jbmr\/zjae048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,9]],"date-time":"2024-04-09T05:43:24Z","timestamp":1712641404000},"page":"517-530","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["The American Society for Bone and Mineral Research Task Force on clinical algorithms for fracture risk report"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Sherri-Ann M","family":"Burnett-Bowie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrine Division , Department of Medicine, , Boston, MA 02114, United States"},{"name":"Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Department of Medicine, , Boston, MA 02114, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8414-4842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole C","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology , School of Public Health, , Birmingham, AL 35233, United States"},{"name":"University of Alabama at Birmingham , School of Public Health, , Birmingham, AL 35233, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elaine W","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrine Division , Department of Medicine, , Boston, MA 02114, United States"},{"name":"Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Department of Medicine, , Boston, MA 02114, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Langsetmo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Care Delivery and Outcomes Research , , Minneapolis, MN 55417 , United States"},{"name":"Minneapolis VA Health Care Center , , Minneapolis, MN 55417 , United States"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN 55455 , United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabby M H","family":"Yearwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology and Center for Civil Rights and Racial Justice, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA 15260 , United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolyn J","family":"Crandall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research , Department of Medicine, , Los Angeles, CA 90095 , United States"},{"name":"David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California , Department of Medicine, , Los Angeles, CA 90095 , United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William D","family":"Leslie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Internal Medicine and Radiology , Max Rady College of Medicine, , Winnipeg R3E 0T6 , Canada"},{"name":"University of Manitoba , Max Rady College of Medicine, , Winnipeg R3E 0T6 , Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane A","family":"Cauley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology , School of Public Health, , Pittsburgh, PA 15261 , United States"},{"name":"University of Pittsburgh , School of Public Health, , Pittsburgh, PA 15261 , United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2024052412552817700_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s12910-020-0457-8","article-title":"Structural racism in precision medicine: leaving no one behind","volume":"21","author":"Genevi\u00e8ve","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Med Ethics"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024052412552817700_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-020-01440-0","article-title":"Unexpected public health consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic: a national survey examining anti-Asian attitudes in the USA","volume":"65","author":"Dhanani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Public Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"2024052412552817700_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2021216","article-title":"Sticks and stones - confronting the full Spectrum of racism","volume":"383","author":"Caulley","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"2024052412552817700_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2023616","article-title":"Structural racism, social risk factors, and COVID-19 - a dangerous convergence for Black Americans","volume":"383","author":"Egede","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"2024052412552817700_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3097","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-020-06081-w","article-title":"Racial and ethnic disparities in population-level COVID-19 mortality","volume":"35","author":"Gross","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"15","key":"2024052412552817700_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2021812","article-title":"Beyond a moment - reckoning with our history and embracing antiracism in medicine","volume":"383","author":"Paul","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"2024052412552817700_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8306","DOI":"10.5688\/ajpe8306","article-title":"Black lives do matter","volume":"84","author":"Boucher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Pharm Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024052412552817700_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-020-00928-y","article-title":"Racism, COVID-19, and health inequity in the USA: a call to action","volume":"9","author":"Johnson-Agbakwu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Racial Ethn Health Disparities"},{"issue":"11","key":"2024052412552817700_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2020.305886","article-title":"ENOUGH: COVID-19, structural racism, police brutality, plutocracy, climate change-and time for health justice, democratic governance, and an equitable, sustainable future","volume":"110","author":"Krieger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024052412552817700_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.32481\/djph.2020.11.019","article-title":"The traumatic impact of structural racism on African Americans","volume":"6","author":"Scott-Jones","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dela J Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024052412552817700_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.11.011","article-title":"Ending racial bias in American medicine: a call for help from the AMA, NMA, AAMC, and the rest of us","volume":"134","author":"deShazo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"24","key":"2024052412552817700_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e454","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000936","article-title":"Call to action: structural racism as a fundamental driver of health disparities: a presidential advisory from the American Heart Association","volume":"142","author":"Churchwell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2024052412552817700_ref13","article-title":"Out of the shadows: the legacy of racism in obstetrics and gynaecology","volume":"371","author":"Kaupp-Roberts","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2024052412552817700_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000003683","article-title":"Addressing bias and reducing discrimination: the professional responsibility of health care providers","volume":"95","author":"Mateo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"2024052412552817700_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMms2025396","article-title":"How structural racism works - racist policies as a root cause of U.S. racial health inequities","volume":"384","author":"Bailey","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"2024052412552817700_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.26348","article-title":"Navigating the complex ecosystem of race, ethnicity, structural racism, socioeconomic factors, medical care delivery, and end-of-life care-casting away the compass to make a map","volume":"4","author":"Boateng","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2024052412552817700_ref17","article-title":"Progress and push-back: how the killings of Ahmaud Arbery, Breonna Taylor, and George Floyd impacted public discourse on race and racism on twitter","volume":"15","author":"Nguyen","year":"2021","journal-title":"SSM Popul Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024052412552817700_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s40695-021-00068-1","article-title":"Racism: the shameful practices that the medical profession is finally addressing","volume":"7","author":"Burnett-Bowie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Womens Midlife Health"},{"key":"2024052412552817700_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11183","DOI":"10.15766\/mep_2374-8265.11183","article-title":"The impact of racial bias in patient care and medical education: Let's focus on the educator","volume":"17","author":"Corsino","year":"2021","journal-title":"MedEdPORTAL"},{"issue":"11","key":"2024052412552817700_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1177\/00031348211038562","article-title":"The Surgeon's role in addressing racism and achieving health equity","volume":"87","author":"Dawes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024052412552817700_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1177\/08404704211038232","article-title":"Inclusion, diversity, equity, and accessibility: from organizational responsibility to leadership competency","volume":"34","author":"Mullin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Healthc Manage Forum"},{"issue":"9","key":"2024052412552817700_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMms2004740","article-title":"Hidden in plain sight - reconsidering the use of race correction in clinical algorithms","volume":"383","author":"Vyas","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2024052412552817700_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113548","article-title":"Racialized algorithms for kidney function: erasing social experience","volume":"268","author":"Braun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024052412552817700_ref24","first-page":"184","article-title":"Clinical implications of removing race from estimates of kidney function","volume":"325","author":"Diao","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"7","key":"2024052412552817700_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.0003","article-title":"Recalibrating the use of race in medical research","volume":"325","author":"Ioannidis","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"11","key":"2024052412552817700_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2021.3129","article-title":"Lack of transparency and potential bias in artificial intelligence data sets and algorithms: a scoping review","volume":"157","author":"Daneshjou","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"issue":"19","key":"2024052412552817700_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2102953","article-title":"New creatinine- and cystatin C-based equations to estimate GFR without race","volume":"385","author":"Inker","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"2024052412552817700_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/hvab164","article-title":"Use of racial and ethnic categories in medical testing and diagnosis: Primum Non Nocere","volume":"67","author":"Kaufman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024052412552817700_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1080\/15265161.2020.1861365","article-title":"Updating race-based risk assessment algorithms in clinical practice: time for a systems approach","volume":"21","author":"Nabi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Bioeth"},{"issue":"7","key":"2024052412552817700_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.01780221","article-title":"Racial health inequities and clinical algorithms: a time for action","volume":"16","author":"Neal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2024052412552817700_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.4437","article-title":"Considering race and ethnicity in the management of bone health","volume":"36","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024052412552817700_ref32","first-page":"S25","article-title":"The removal of race from kidney function estimation: key points for primary providers","volume":"114","author":"Aklilu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"key":"2024052412552817700_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjhci-2021-100460","article-title":"Evaluating algorithmic fairness in the presence of clinical guidelines: the case of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk estimation","volume":"29","author":"Foryciarz","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Health Care Inform"},{"issue":"8","key":"2024052412552817700_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E720","DOI":"10.1001\/amajethics.2022.720","article-title":"How should clinicians respond to race-based algorithms as sources of iatrogenic harm?","volume":"24","author":"Kane","year":"2022","journal-title":"AMA J Ethics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024052412552817700_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.60.1.16","article-title":"Race as biology is fiction, racism as a social problem is real: anthropological and historical perspectives on the social construction of race","volume":"60","author":"Smedley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"issue":"6273","key":"2024052412552817700_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aac4951","article-title":"Taking race out of human genetics","volume":"351","author":"Yudell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024052412552817700_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMms2029562","article-title":"Race and genetic ancestry in medicine - a time for reckoning with racism","volume":"384","author":"Borrell","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2024052412552817700_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.689462","article-title":"Abandon \u201crace.\u201d focus on racism","volume":"9","author":"Braveman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"2024052412552817700_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.13304","article-title":"Updated guidance on the reporting of race and ethnicity in medical and science journals","volume":"326","author":"Flanagin","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"9","key":"2024052412552817700_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2692","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.17316","article-title":"The break in FRAX: equity concerns in estimating fracture risk in racial and ethnic minorities","volume":"69","author":"Reid","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024052412552817700_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s40246-022-00391-2","article-title":"Genomic supremacy: the harm of conflating genetic ancestry and race","volume":"16","author":"Cerde\u00f1a","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum Genomics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024052412552817700_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2021.08.003","article-title":"A unifying approach for GFR estimation: recommendations of the NKF-ASN task force on reassessing the inclusion of race in diagnosing kidney disease","volume":"79","author":"Delgado","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024052412552817700_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab896","article-title":"Eradicating racism: an Endocrine Society policy perspective","volume":"107","author":"Dhaliwal","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024052412552817700_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.03.011","article-title":"The risk factor is racism, not race","volume":"227","author":"Hauspurg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024052412552817700_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamahealthforum.2023.1197","article-title":"Awareness of racial and ethnic bias and potential solutions to address bias with use of health care algorithms","volume":"4","author":"Jain","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Health Forum"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024052412552817700_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2023.05.004","article-title":"Racial and ethnic disparities in metabolic bone disease","volume":"52","author":"Maldonado","year":"2023","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024052412552817700_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2023.5718","article-title":"Recommendations for reporting research about racial disparities in medical and scientific journals","volume":"178","author":"Duncan","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024052412552817700_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.061113","article-title":"Incidence and economic burden of osteoporosis-related fractures in the United States, 2005-2025","volume":"22","author":"Burge","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2024052412552817700_ref49","volume-title":"Medicare Cost of Ostoeporotic Fractures: The Clinical and Cost Burden of an Important Consequence of Osteoporosis","author":"Hansen","year":"2019"},{"issue":"12","key":"2024052412552817700_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-008-0634-y","article-title":"Incidence of fractures compared to cardiovascular disease and breast cancer: the Women's Health Initiative observational study","volume":"19","author":"Cauley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"11","key":"2024052412552817700_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.070713","article-title":"Clinical risk factors for fractures in multi-ethnic women: the Women's Health Initiative","volume":"22","author":"Cauley","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024052412552817700_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2012.08.118","article-title":"Clinical characteristics, bone mineral density and non-vertebral osteoporotic fracture outcomes among post-menopausal U.S. south Asian women","volume":"51","author":"Khandelwal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"2024052412552817700_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2016.01.002","article-title":"The Association of Race\/ethnicity and risk of atypical femur fracture among older women receiving oral bisphosphonate therapy","volume":"85","author":"Lo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024052412552817700_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-023-00805-7","article-title":"Osteoporosis and fracture risk among older US Asian adults","volume":"21","author":"Lo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Osteoporos Rep"},{"key":"2024052412552817700_ref55","first-page":"85","article-title":"Disparities in osteoporosis by race\/ethnicity, education, work status, immigrant status, and economic status in the United States","volume":"64","author":"Tsai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"2024052412552817700_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(87)90142-1","article-title":"Differences in outcome between black and white elderly hip fracture patients","volume":"40","author":"Furstenberg","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Chronic Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024052412552817700_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.80.3.326","article-title":"Sex-specific and race-specific hip fracture rates","volume":"80","author":"Kellie","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"2024052412552817700_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.82.8.1147","article-title":"Race and sex differences in mortality following fracture of the hip","volume":"82","author":"Jacobsen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"2024052412552817700_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/63.8.867","article-title":"The association of race, gender, and comorbidity with mortality and function after hip fracture","volume":"63","author":"Penrod","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"2024052412552817700_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.4417","article-title":"Racial and ethnic disparities in bone health and outcomes in the United States","volume":"36","author":"Noel","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"2024052412552817700_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.16455","article-title":"Racial disparities exist in outcomes after major fragility fractures","volume":"68","author":"Wright","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"11","key":"2024052412552817700_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-200011000-00006","article-title":"Patterns of rehabilitation utilization after hip fracture in acute hospitals and skilled nursing facilities","volume":"38","author":"Harada","year":"2000","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"issue":"10","key":"2024052412552817700_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.15.00676","article-title":"Racial and socioeconomic disparities in hip fracture care","volume":"98","author":"Dy","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024052412552817700_ref64","first-page":"173","article-title":"Ethnic disparity in the treatment of women with established low bone mass","volume":"58","author":"Wei","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Med Womens Assoc (1972)"},{"issue":"12","key":"2024052412552817700_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2012.3812","article-title":"Osteoporosis healthcare disparities in postmenopausal women","volume":"21","author":"Hamrick","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Womens Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"2024052412552817700_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2199","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-014-2747-9","article-title":"Osteoporosis treatment disparities: a 6-year aggregate analysis from national survey data","volume":"25","author":"Cunningham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024052412552817700_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.7326\/M22-0684","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of treatments to prevent fractures in people with low bone mass or primary osteoporosis: a living systematic review and network meta-analysis for the American College of Physicians","volume":"176","author":"Ayers","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"2024052412552817700_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e278","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0000000000002331","article-title":"National Evaluation of Social Determinants of Health in Orthopedic Fracture Care: decreased social determinants of health is associated with increased adverse complications after surgery","volume":"36","author":"Kamalapathy","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024052412552817700_ref69","first-page":"265","article-title":"Health care disparities in postmenopausal women referred for DXA screening","volume":"38","author":"Hamrick","year":"2006","journal-title":"Fam Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"2024052412552817700_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-007-0217-1","article-title":"Racial and socioeconomic disparities in bone density testing before and after hip fracture","volume":"22","author":"Neuner","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"2024052412552817700_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-020-05631-6","article-title":"FRAX and ethnicity","volume":"31","author":"Kanis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024052412552817700_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-008-0559-5","article-title":"Implications of absolute fracture risk assessment for osteoporosis practice guidelines in the USA","volume":"19","author":"Dawson-Hughes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024052412552817700_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa048","article-title":"Pharmacological Management of Osteoporosis in postmenopausal women: an Endocrine Society guideline update","volume":"105","author":"Shoback","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"10","key":"2024052412552817700_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-021-05900-y","article-title":"The clinician's guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis","volume":"33","author":"LeBoff","year":"2022","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"2024052412552817700_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2021.10.010","article-title":"Disparities in osteoporosis care among postmenopausal women in the United States","volume":"156","author":"Ruiz-Esteves","year":"2022","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024052412552817700_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1007\/s11657-018-0510-0","article-title":"A brief history of FRAX","volume":"13","author":"Kanis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Osteoporos"},{"issue":"8","key":"2024052412552817700_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-007-0343-y","article-title":"The use of clinical risk factors enhances the performance of BMD in the prediction of hip and osteoporotic fractures in men and women","volume":"18","author":"Kanis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024052412552817700_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-009-1033-8","article-title":"The effects of a FRAX revision for the USA","volume":"21","author":"Kanis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"2024052412552817700_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/528790","article-title":"Potential extensions of the US FRAX algorithm","volume":"2012","author":"Melton","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Osteoporos"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024052412552817700_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.I.00919","article-title":"The assessment of fracture risk","volume":"92","author":"Unnanuntana","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg"},{"key":"2024052412552817700_ref81","article-title":"HCUP overview. Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP)","author":"AHRQ","journal-title":"Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024052412552817700_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-009-1032-9","article-title":"Updated fracture incidence rates for the US version of FRAX","volume":"21","author":"Ettinger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"2024052412552817700_ref83","volume-title":"2020 Census Data. US Department of Commerce","author":"USA.gov"},{"issue":"10","key":"2024052412552817700_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2359","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-014-2794-2","article-title":"Clinician's guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis","volume":"25","author":"Cosman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"11","key":"2024052412552817700_ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2656","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.16785","article-title":"Bone mineral density in older U.S. Filipino, Chinese, Japanese, and white women","volume":"68","author":"Lo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024052412552817700_ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11657-020-00850-0","article-title":"Racial differences and factors associated with low femoral neck bone mineral density: an analysis of NHANES 2005-2014 data","volume":"16","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch Osteoporos"},{"issue":"12","key":"2024052412552817700_ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.4895","article-title":"Performance of fracture risk assessment tools by race and ethnicity: a systematic review for the ASBMR task force on clinical algorithms for fracture risk","volume":"38","author":"Fink","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"22","key":"2024052412552817700_ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2087","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2009.404","article-title":"A comparison of prediction models for fractures in older women: is more better?","volume":"169","author":"Ensrud","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"2024052412552817700_ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.372","article-title":"WHO absolute fracture risk models (FRAX): do clinical risk factors improve fracture prediction in older women without osteoporosis?","volume":"26","author":"Hillier","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024052412552817700_ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.1729","article-title":"Predictive value of FRAX for fracture in obese older women","volume":"28","author":"Premaor","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"2024052412552817700_ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm4.10239","article-title":"Do additional clinical risk factors improve the performance of fracture risk assessment tool (FRAX) among postmenopausal women? Findings from the Women's Health Initiative observational study and clinical trials","volume":"3","author":"Crandall","year":"2019","journal-title":"JBMR Plus"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024052412552817700_ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-018-4696-z","article-title":"Predicting fracture risk in younger postmenopausal women: comparison of the Garvan and FRAX risk calculators in the Women's Health Initiative study","volume":"34","author":"Crandall","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024052412552817700_ref93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9010285","article-title":"Performance of FRAX in predicting fractures in US postmenopausal women with varied race and genetic profiles","volume":"9","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"2024052412552817700_ref94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2023.1253","article-title":"Race and ethnicity and fracture prediction among younger postmenopausal women in the Women's Health Initiative study","volume":"183","author":"Crandall","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024052412552817700_ref95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-1376","article-title":"PROBAST: a tool to assess the risk of bias and applicability of prediction model studies","volume":"170","author":"Wolff","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024052412552817700_ref96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1097\/01.GME.0000094210.15096.FD","article-title":"Validity of self-report for fractures among a multiethnic cohort of postmenopausal women: results from the Women's Health Initiative observational study and clinical trials","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"issue":"9","key":"2024052412552817700_ref97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0b013e3181ec173d","article-title":"Receiver operating characteristic curve in diagnostic test assessment","volume":"5","author":"Mandrekar","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"issue":"6948","key":"2024052412552817700_ref98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.309.6948.188","article-title":"Statistics notes: diagnostic tests 3: receiver operating characteristic plots","volume":"309","author":"Altman","year":"1994","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"may28 1","key":"2024052412552817700_ref99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b605","article-title":"Prognosis and prognostic research: validating a prognostic model","volume":"338","author":"Altman","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"7","key":"2024052412552817700_ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2022.0525","article-title":"The complicated inadequacy of race and ethnicity data","volume":"176","author":"Chaiyachati","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"12","key":"2024052412552817700_ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.4896","article-title":"Effect of race\/ethnicity on United States FRAX calculations and treatment qualification: a registry-based study","volume":"38","author":"Leslie","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"2024052412552817700_ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4329","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-2863","article-title":"Clinical review: ethnic differences in bone mass--clinical implications","volume":"97","author":"Leslie","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2024052412552817700_ref103","volume-title":"SDOH Data and Analytics. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality","author":"AHRQ"},{"key":"2024052412552817700_ref104","volume-title":"Healthy People 2030 Social Determinants of Health. Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion","author":"OASH"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024052412552817700_ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr193","article-title":"The PhenX toolkit: get the most from your measures","volume":"174","author":"Hamilton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2024052412552817700_ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119374855.ch4","volume-title":"The Science of Health Disparities Research","author":"Ramirez","year":"2021"},{"key":"2024052412552817700_ref107","volume-title":"Reconsidering Race in Clinical Algorithms: Driving Equity through New Models in Research and Implementation","author":"Council of Medical Specialty Societies"},{"issue":"16","key":"2024052412552817700_ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3451","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-023-08347-5","article-title":"Electronic health records (EHRs) can identify patients at high risk of fracture but require substantial race adjustments to currently available fracture risk calculators","volume":"38","author":"Jain","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024052412552817700_ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-023-03974-2","article-title":"Genome-wide polygenic risk score for major osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women using associated single nucleotide polymorphisms","volume":"21","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024052412552817700_ref110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.1998","article-title":"Atypical subtrochanteric and diaphyseal femoral fractures: second report of a task force of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research","volume":"29","author":"Shane","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2024052412552817700_ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759720x20916983","DOI":"10.1177\/1759720X20916983","article-title":"Atypical femur fractures: current understanding and approach to management","volume":"12","author":"Tile","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis"}],"container-title":["Journal of Bone and Mineral Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jbmr\/article-pdf\/39\/5\/517\/57881171\/zjae048.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jbmr\/article-pdf\/39\/5\/517\/57881171\/zjae048.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]],"date-time":"2024-05-24T15:56:27Z","timestamp":1716566187000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jbmr\/article\/39\/5\/517\/7628883"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,9]]},"references-count":111,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jbmr\/zjae048","relation":{},"ISSN":["0884-0431","1523-4681"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0884-0431","type":"print"},{"value":"1523-4681","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,9]]}}}