{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T19:06:17Z","timestamp":1790622377024,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]],"date-time":"2024-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","award":["R01 AR051376"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AR051376"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","award":["R01 AR080135"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AR080135"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Knee osteoarthritis (OA), characterized by multiple joint tissue degenerations, remains a significant clinical challenge. Recent evidence suggests that crosstalk within the osteochondral unit may drive OA progression. Although structural-biomechanical properties of bone and cartilage have been studied, potential interaction within the osteochondral unit in the context of OA has yet to be investigated. We performed comprehensive structural and biomechanical quantification of the cartilage, subchondral bone plate (SBP), and subchondral trabecular bone (STB) using 101 osteochondral cores collected from tibial plateaus of 12 control human cadavers (CT, 5 male\/7 female) and 19 patients undergoing total knee replacement (OA, 6 male\/13 female). For each sample, we quantified SBP microstructure, plate-and-rod morphological properties of the STB using individual trabecula segmentation, and morphological and compositional properties of the articular cartilage. We also performed indentation testing on each compartment of the osteochondral unit to extract the respective structural-mechanical properties. Cartilage thickness was lower in moderate and severe OA regions, while Osteoarthritis Research Society International score was higher only in severe OA regions. GAG content did not change in any OA region. Aggregate and shear moduli were lower only in severe OA regions, while permeability was lower only in moderate OA regions. In the SBP, thickness and tissue mineral density were higher in moderate and severe OA regions. Tissue modulus of STB was lower in moderate OA regions despite a thicker and more mineralized SBP; this deterioration was not observed in severe OA regions. Regression analysis revealed strong correlations between cartilage and STB properties in CT; these correlations were also found in moderate OA regions but were not observed in severe OA regions. In summary, our findings comprehensively characterize the human OA osteochondral unit. Importantly, uncoupling cartilage and subchondral bone structural-mechanical properties may be a hallmark of OA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jbmr\/zjae094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]],"date-time":"2024-06-18T05:24:15Z","timestamp":1718688255000},"page":"1120-1131","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Mechanical and structural properties of articular cartilage and subchondral bone in human osteoarthritic knees"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9766-1902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yizhong Jenny","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bone Bioengineering Laboratory , Department of Biomedical Engineering, , New York, NY 10027 ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Columbia University , Department of Biomedical Engineering, , New York, NY 10027 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y Eric","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bone Bioengineering Laboratory , Department of Biomedical Engineering, , New York, NY 10027 ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Columbia University , Department of Biomedical Engineering, , New York, NY 10027 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herbert J","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center , New York, NY 10032 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roshan P","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center , New York, NY 10032 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey A","family":"Geller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center , New York, NY 10032 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"X Lucas","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware , Newark, DE 19716 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Shane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology , Department of Medicine, , New York, NY 10032 ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons , Department of Medicine, , New York, NY 10032 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joan","family":"Bathon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology , Department of Medicine, , New York, NY 10032 ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"New York-Presbyterian\/Columbia University Irving Medical Center , Department of Medicine, , New York, NY 10032 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy E","family":"Lane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology , Department of Medicine, , Davis, CA 95817 ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"University of California Davis , Department of Medicine, , Davis, CA 95817 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0804-7279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"X Edward","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bone Bioengineering Laboratory , Department of Biomedical Engineering, , New York, NY 10027 ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Columbia University , Department of Biomedical Engineering, , New York, NY 10027 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2025052404160955100_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2016.07.013","article-title":"The burden of musculoskeletal diseases in the United States","volume":"46","author":"Yelin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025052404160955100_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp051726","article-title":"Clinical practice. Osteoarthritis of the knee","volume":"354","author":"Felson","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025052404160955100_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7225(65)90019-4","article-title":"The relation between load and penetration in the axisymmetric Boussinesq problem for a punch of arbitrary profile","volume":"3","author":"Sneddon","year":"1965","journal-title":"Int J Eng Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025052404160955100_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1002\/art.34453","article-title":"Osteoarthritis: a disease of the joint as an organ","volume":"64","author":"Loeser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025052404160955100_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(02)00982-1","article-title":"Changes in articular cartilage and subchondral bone histomorphometry in osteoarthritic knee joints in humans","volume":"32","author":"Bobinac","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025052404160955100_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0029(19970515)37:4<333::AID-JEMT8>3.0.CO;2-L","article-title":"Cartilage and subchondral bone interaction in osteoarthrosis of human knee joint: a histological and histomorphometric study","volume":"37","author":"Matsui","year":"1997","journal-title":"Microsc Res Tech"},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"2025052404160955100_ref7","first-page":"103","article-title":"Quantitative morphology of the subchondral plate of the tibial plateau","volume":"185","author":"Milz","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"2025052404160955100_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198612000-00005","article-title":"Role of subchondral bone in the initiation and progression of cartilage damage","volume":"213","author":"Radin","year":"1986","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"7749","key":"2025052404160955100_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(72)90179-1","article-title":"Role of mechanical factors in pathogenesis of primary osteoarthritis","volume":"1","author":"Radin","year":"1972","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3-4","key":"2025052404160955100_ref10","first-page":"359","article-title":"Adaptation of subchondral bone in osteoarthritis","volume":"41","author":"Day","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biorheology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025052404160955100_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16028","DOI":"10.1038\/boneres.2016.28","article-title":"Bone-cartilage crosstalk: a conversation for understanding osteoarthritis","volume":"4","author":"Findlay","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bone Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025052404160955100_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1023\/B:ABME.0000017534.06921.24","article-title":"Indentation determined mechanoelectrochemical properties and fixed charge density of articular cartilage","volume":"32","author":"Lu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025052404160955100_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(84)90031-9","article-title":"Fluid transport and mechanical properties of articular cartilage: a review","volume":"17","author":"Mow","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025052404160955100_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3138591","article-title":"The apparent viscoelastic behavior of articular cartilage\u2014the contributions from the intrinsic matrix viscoelasticity and interstitial fluid flows","volume":"108","author":"Mak","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Biomech Eng"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025052404160955100_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100170407","article-title":"Tensile properties of articular cartilage are altered by meniscectomy in a canine model of osteoarthritis","volume":"17","author":"Elliott","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025052404160955100_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1053\/joca.1998.0170","article-title":"Altered mechanics of cartilage with osteoarthritis: human osteoarthritis and an experimental model of joint degeneration","volume":"7","author":"Setton","year":"1999","journal-title":"Osteoarthr Cartil"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025052404160955100_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.3313","article-title":"Subchondral trabecular rod loss and plate thickening in the development of osteoarthritis","volume":"33","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025052404160955100_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1997.12.4.641","article-title":"Composition and mechanical properties of cancellous bone from the femoral head of patients with osteoporosis or osteoarthritis","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"3-4","key":"2025052404160955100_ref19","first-page":"349","article-title":"Biochemical and mechanical properties of subchondral bone in osteoarthritis","volume":"41","author":"Bailey","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biorheology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025052404160955100_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.56.4.247","article-title":"Mechanical and material properties of the subchondral bone plate from the femoral head of patients with osteoarthritis or osteoporosis","volume":"56","author":"Li","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025052404160955100_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-0266(01)00012-2","article-title":"A decreased subchondral trabecular bone tissue elastic modulus is associated with pre-arthritic cartilage damage","volume":"19","author":"Day","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025052404160955100_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1080\/000164701317323444","article-title":"Bone density does not reflect mechanical properties in early-stage arthrosis","volume":"72","author":"Ding","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Scand"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025052404160955100_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-001-2102-y","article-title":"Regional differences in mechanical and material properties of femoral head cancellous bone in health and osteoarthritis","volume":"71","author":"Brown","year":"2002","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025052404160955100_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-7580.2003.00193.x","article-title":"Nanomechanical properties and mineral concentration in articular calcified cartilage and subchondral bone","volume":"203","author":"Ferguson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"2025052404160955100_ref25","first-page":"11","article-title":"The functional environment of chondrocytes within cartilage subjected to compressive loading: a theoretical and experimental approach","volume":"39","author":"Wang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biorheology"},{"issue":"5-6","key":"2025052404160955100_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2005.07.003","article-title":"Pathomechanisms of cartilage destruction by mechanical injury","volume":"187","author":"Kurz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Anat"},{"issue":"8-9","key":"2025052404160955100_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(89)90069-9","article-title":"Biphasic indentation of articular cartilage\u2014II. A numerical algorithm and an experimental study","volume":"22","author":"Mow","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025052404160955100_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.071009","article-title":"Complete volumetric decomposition of individual trabecular plates and rods and its morphological correlations with anisotropic elastic moduli in human trabecular bone","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025052404160955100_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2498","article-title":"Distinct tissue mineral density in plate- and rod-like trabeculae of human trabecular bone","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025052404160955100_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2005.07.014","article-title":"Osteoarthritis cartilage histopathology: grading and staging","volume":"14","author":"Pritzker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Osteoarthr Cartil"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025052404160955100_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4165(86)90306-5","article-title":"Improved quantitation and discrimination of sulphated glycosaminoglycans by use of dimethylmethylene blue","volume":"883","author":"Farndale","year":"1986","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025052404160955100_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.4338","article-title":"Microstructure determines apparent-level mechanics despite tissue-level anisotropy and heterogeneity of individual plates and rods in normal human trabecular bone","volume":"36","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025052404160955100_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1557\/JMR.1992.1564","article-title":"An improved technique for determining hardness and elastic-modulus using load and displacement sensing indentation experiments","volume":"7","author":"Oliver","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Mater Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025052404160955100_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1302\/2058-5241.6.200102","article-title":"Medial compartment osteoarthritis of the knee: a review of surgical options","volume":"6","author":"McCormack","year":"2021","journal-title":"EFORT Open Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025052404160955100_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.23010","article-title":"OARSI osteoarthritis cartilage histopathology assessment system: a biomechanical evaluation in the human knee","volume":"34","author":"Waldstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025052404160955100_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(94)90044-2","article-title":"An asymptotic solution for the contact of two biphasic cartilage layers","volume":"27","author":"Ateshian","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025052404160955100_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3138202","article-title":"Biphasic creep and stress relaxation of articular cartilage in compression: theory and experiments","volume":"102","author":"Mow","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Biomech Eng"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025052404160955100_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1243\/09544119JEIM325","article-title":"The effect of glycosaminoglycan depletion on the friction and deformation of articular cartilage","volume":"222","author":"Katta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Inst Mech Eng H"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025052404160955100_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1712","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI106660","article-title":"The glycosaminoglycans of normal and arthritic cartilage","volume":"50","author":"Mankin","year":"1971","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025052404160955100_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1002\/masy.201700014","article-title":"Structure and properties of cartilage proteoglycans","volume":"372","author":"Horkay","year":"2017","journal-title":"Macromol Symp"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025052404160955100_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(84)90027-7","article-title":"Viscoelastic properties of proteoglycan subunits and aggregates in varying solution concentrations","volume":"17","author":"Mow","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025052404160955100_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5931","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-24258-6","article-title":"The effect of ageing and osteoarthritis on the mechanical properties of cartilage and bone in the human knee joint","volume":"8","author":"Peters","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025052404160955100_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(89)90202-9","article-title":"The relative effects of collagen fiber orientation, porosity, density, and mineralization on bone strength","volume":"22","author":"Martin","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025052404160955100_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2011.05.018","article-title":"Correlation between mineralization and mechanical strength of the subchondral bone plate of the humeral head","volume":"21","author":"Zumstein","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elb Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025052404160955100_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.207","article-title":"Influence of vertical trabeculae on the compressive strength of the human vertebra","volume":"26","author":"Fields","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025052404160955100_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2009.04.201","article-title":"Contributions of trabecular rods of various orientations in determining the elastic properties of human vertebral trabecular bone","volume":"45","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025052404160955100_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-016-1226-1","article-title":"Characterization of nano-structural and nano-mechanical properties of osteoarthritic subchondral bone","volume":"17","author":"Zuo","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025052404160955100_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.3109\/17453679808999047","article-title":"Changes in the stiffness of the human tibial cartilage-bone complex in early-stage osteoarthrosis","volume":"69","author":"Ding","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Scand"},{"issue":"1-4","key":"2025052404160955100_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.3109\/17453677408989184","article-title":"Hardness of the subchondral bone of the tibial condyles in the normal state and in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"45","author":"Lereim","year":"1974","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Scand"}],"container-title":["Journal of Bone and Mineral Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jbmr\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jbmr\/zjae094\/58532505\/zjae094.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jbmr\/article-pdf\/39\/8\/1120\/58875800\/zjae094.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jbmr\/article-pdf\/39\/8\/1120\/58875800\/zjae094.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,24]],"date-time":"2025-05-24T08:16:20Z","timestamp":1748074580000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jbmr\/article\/39\/8\/1120\/7695364"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jbmr\/zjae094","relation":{},"ISSN":["0884-0431","1523-4681"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0884-0431","type":"print"},{"value":"1523-4681","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]]}}}