{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T13:43:05Z","timestamp":1793367785862,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":148,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724889600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"TU Dresden MedDrive program","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/042aqky30","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"CRMO Foundation"},{"name":"NIHR Alder Hey Children\u2019s CRF"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019256","name":"NIHR GOSH BRC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019256","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Alder Hey Children\u2019s Charity"},{"name":"Michael Davie Research Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis (CNO) is an autoinflammatory bone disease that primarily affects children and young people. It can cause significant pain, reduced function, bone swelling, and even (vertebral body) fractures. Because of a limited understanding of its pathophysiology, the treatment of CNO remains empiric and is based on relatively small case series, expert opinion, and personal experience. Several studies have linked pathological NOD-kike receptor (NLR) family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation and the resulting imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine expression with CNO. This agrees with elevated pro-inflammatory (mostly) monocyte-derived protein signatures in the blood of CNO patients that may be used as future diagnostic and\/or prognostic biomarkers. Recently, rare variants in the P2RX7 gene, encoding for an ATP-dependent transmembrane channel, were linked with increased NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and prolonged monocyte\/macrophage survival in CNO. Although the exact molecular mechanisms remain unclear, this will inform future target-directed and individualized treatment. This manuscript reviews most recent developments and their impact on diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in CNO.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jbmr\/zjae141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]],"date-time":"2024-08-28T07:16:45Z","timestamp":1724829405000},"page":"1523-1538","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["An improved understanding of pediatric chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis pathophysiology informs current and future treatment"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Eve","family":"Roberts","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women's & Children's Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool , Liverpool,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amandine","family":"Charras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women's & Children's Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool , Liverpool,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Hahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Radiology , University Children\u2019s Hospital Basel UKBB, Basel,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1295-6179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian M","family":"Hedrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women's & Children's Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool , Liverpool,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Department of Paediatric Rheumatology , Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust Hospital, Liverpool,","place":["United 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