{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T23:52:07Z","timestamp":1793922727258,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]],"date-time":"2025-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750723200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Swedish Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K2018-02981"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K2018-02981"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Swedish Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K2022-00616"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K2022-00616"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006075","name":"Greta and Johan Kock Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006075","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006189","name":"Albert P\u00e5hlsson Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006189","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Alfred \u00d6sterlund Foundation","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01wddqe20","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Pregnancy and lactation require large amounts of calcium, potentially depleting the young-adult bone. This study investigated BMD and fluctuations of BMD resulting from parity and lactation in the PEAK-25 cohort, a prospective observational study of women all aged 25 at inclusion and 35 at follow-up. The analyses used women who were nulliparous at baseline and parous (n\u2009=\u2009573) or nulliparous (n\u2009=\u2009177) 10 yr later. Parity, regardless of number of pregnancies, had no negative impact; indeed, spine BMD at age 35 was higher (2.1%; p\u2009=\u2009.043). Likewise, BMD did not differ in women who breastfed, were nonlactating or nulliparous. Even the cumulative duration of breastfeeding did not make a difference. Overall, regardless of parity, in the cohort, by age 35 BMD was already decreasing, with overall losses at the FN (\u2206,\u00a0-3.4%) and TH (\u2206,\u00a0-2.7%), although not the spine (\u2206, 0.9%). Yet, BMD fluctuations associated with pregnancy, lactation, and weaning were seen in the short term. Comparing those pregnant &amp;gt;24\u00a0mo with those &amp;lt;24\u00a0mo prior to DXA, BMD was lowest in women more recently pregnant (FN, -2.2%, TH -2.7%). Women pregnant within 12\u00a0mo had 4% lower TH BMD compared with more than 36\u00a0mo (p\u2009=\u2009.054, padjusted\u2009=\u2009.032). Cumulative duration of breastfeeding was associated with bone loss, particularly beyond 15 mo (FN: \u2206, -4.3%; TH: \u2206, -3.7%) and lower spine BMD accretion. Despite such periods of loss, BMD recovers, evidenced by time-from-weaning to DXA. Women weaning within 6 mo of measurement had lower FN BMD than those where the interval was &amp;gt;24 mo (6.6% vs 1.7%; p\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001). In conclusion and despite repeated fluctuations in BMD resulting from the physiological demands of multiple pregnancies and periods of breastfeeding, BMD recovers and ultimately does not differ from that of identically aged women without children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jbmr\/zjaf087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T07:19:00Z","timestamp":1750663140000},"page":"1360-1369","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Recovery of BMD after pregnancy and breastfeeding\u2014a 10-yr prospective observational study of 25-yr-old women"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0982-8827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa","family":"Egund","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lund University, Orthopedics, Department of Clinical Sciences Malm\u00f6 , 205 02 Malm\u00f6 ,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Sk\u00e5ne University Hospital, Department of Orthopedics , 205 02 Malm\u00f6 ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3296-7083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linnea","family":"Malmgren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lund University, Orthopedics, Department of Clinical Sciences Malm\u00f6 , 205 02 Malm\u00f6 ,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Sk\u00e5ne University Hospital, Department of Orthopedics , 205 02 Malm\u00f6 ,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Sk\u00e5ne University Hospital, Department of Geriatrics , 205 02 Malm\u00f6 ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8482-8056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony D","family":"Woolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lund University, Orthopedics, Department of Clinical Sciences Malm\u00f6 , 205 02 Malm\u00f6 ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8033-9981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fiona E","family":"McGuigan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lund University, Orthopedics, Department of Clinical Sciences Malm\u00f6 , 205 02 Malm\u00f6 ,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Sk\u00e5ne University Hospital, Department of Orthopedics , 205 02 Malm\u00f6 ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3024-2804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristina E","family":"Akesson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lund University, Orthopedics, Department of Clinical Sciences Malm\u00f6 , 205 02 Malm\u00f6 ,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Sk\u00e5ne University Hospital, Department of Orthopedics , 205 02 Malm\u00f6 ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2025120900311854300_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S7","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01623429","article-title":"Peak bone mass","volume":"4","author":"Bonjour","year":"1994","journal-title":"Osteoporosis Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025120900311854300_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00027.2015","article-title":"Maternal mineral and bone metabolism during pregnancy, lactation, and post-weaning recovery","volume":"96","author":"Kovacs","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025120900311854300_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ando.2016.04.004","article-title":"Bone metabolism during pregnancy","volume":"77","author":"Salles","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Endocrinol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025120900311854300_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-011-1654-6","article-title":"Changes in bone mineral density and body composition during pregnancy and postpartum. 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A cross-sectional study from the northeast region of India","volume":"10","author":"Shaki","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025120900311854300_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.6118\/jmm.2016.22.3.161","article-title":"Effect of multiparity and prolonged lactation on bone mineral density","volume":"22","author":"Sharma","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Menopausal Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025120900311854300_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2013.03.008","article-title":"Country-specific young adult dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry reference data are warranted for T-score calculations in women: data from the Peak-25 cohort","volume":"17","author":"Callr\u00e9us","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Densitom"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025120900311854300_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2016.03.001","article-title":"Peak bone mass and quantitative ultrasound bone properties in young adulthood: a study in the PEAK-25 cohort of women","volume":"19","author":"Sandstr\u00f6m","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Densitom"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025120900311854300_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/77.3.707","article-title":"Pregnancy and lactation have no long-term deleterious effect on measures of bone mineral in healthy women: a twin study","volume":"77","author":"Paton","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025120900311854300_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.158.7.650","article-title":"Lactation among adolescent mothers and subsequent bone mineral density","volume":"158","author":"Chantry","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025120900311854300_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1007\/s001980170033","article-title":"Pregnancy and lactation confer reversible bone loss in humans","volume":"12","author":"Karlsson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025120900311854300_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1007\/s001980070077","article-title":"Factors underlying changes in bone mineral during postpartum amenorrhea and lactation","volume":"11","author":"Holmberg-Marttila","year":"2000","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025120900311854300_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1007\/s001980170048","article-title":"The effects of pregnancy and lactation on bone mineral density","volume":"12","author":"More","year":"2001","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025120900311854300_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.3641","article-title":"Change in bone density and reduction in fracture risk: a meta-regression of published trials","volume":"34","author":"Bouxsein","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025120900311854300_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117034","article-title":"Timing of peak bone mass in Caucasian females and its implication for the prevention of osteoporosis. 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