{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T03:04:12Z","timestamp":1780023852178,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["JP23K15726"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23K15726"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Carbamylation-derived products (CDPs) are implicated in protein dysfunction but remain understudied in human bone. We profiled homocitrulline (HCit, the predominant CDP), advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), and enzymatic cross-links in human cancellous bone specimens (n\u00a0=\u2009211). Homocitrulline accumulated substantially, surpassing carboxymethyl-lysine. Multivariable regression identified male sex and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) as independent determinants of HCit. This suggests men face a \u201cdual burden\u201d of renal-dependent accumulation and physiological urea loading driven by greater muscle mass. We observed a shift in the modification balance where higher BUN increased the HCit fraction while decreasing the AGEs-HCit ratio. Functionally, HCit correlated negatively with immature cross-links. Crucially, partial coefficient of determination (R2) analysis revealed that carbamylation and glycation act as concurrent determinants of cross-link impairment, with HCit exerting a stronger inhibitory effect than AGEs specifically in patients with mild BUN elevation (\u226521\u00a0mg\/dL). These findings demonstrate that carbamylation is a pervasive modification that actively interferes with collagen maturation, posing a significant threat to bone quality even in non-dialysis populations. Monitoring the carbamylation\u2013glycation balance may offer new insights into bone fragility, especially in aging men and early-stage CKD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jbmrpl\/ziag056","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T11:33:03Z","timestamp":1774870383000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comprehensive profiling of the competitive interplay among carbamylation, glycation, and enzymatic cross-links in human bone"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8932-8357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shoutaro","family":"Arakawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine , Tokyo 105-8461 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shota","family":"Katayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine , Tokyo 105-8461 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hikari","family":"Sugawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Food and Regulation Biology, School of Agriculture, Tokai University , Kumamoto 871-2205 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taiki","family":"Neyatani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine , Tokyo 105-8461 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Yamashita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine , Tokyo 105-8461 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daisuke","family":"Kubota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic 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