{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T20:45:38Z","timestamp":1764103538489,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,17]],"date-time":"2024-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["310422104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["310422104"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The face inversion effect is an important indicator of holistic face perception and reflects the developmental level of face processing. This study examined the face inversion effect in deaf or hard of hearing (DHH) children aged 7\u201317 using the face dimensions task. This task uses photographic images of a face, in which configural and featural information in the eye and mouth regions have been parametrically and independently manipulated. The study aimed to discuss the effect of face inversion on facial processing in DHH children, including two aspects of information processing types (configural versus featural) and processing regions (eyes versus mouth) and compared the results with hearing children. The results revealed that DHH children aged 7\u201317\u00a0years exhibit significant face inversion effect, with disruptions observed in both the featural and configural processing of eyes and mouths when faces were inverted. Configural processing was more affected by inversion than featural processing in all children, with larger differences observed in DHH children than in hearing children. This supports the dual-mode hypothesis of holistic face processing. Age correlations were observed in the sensitivity of DHH children to face inversion effect but not among hearing children. The inversion effect of configural mouth processing decreases with age in DHH children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jdsade\/enae033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,17]],"date-time":"2024-08-17T22:21:42Z","timestamp":1723933302000},"page":"138-147","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["An investigation on the face inversion effect in deaf children"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Yunxiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Special Education , Faculty of Education, , 3663 N. Zhongshan Rd, Shanghai ,","place":["P.R. China"]},{"name":"East China Normal University , Faculty of Education, , 3663 N. Zhongshan Rd, Shanghai ,","place":["P.R. China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5789-7774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huizhong","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Special Education, Faculty of Education, Beijing Normal University , N. 19, Xinjiekouwai St, Haidian District, Beijing \u00a0","place":["P.R. China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lixin","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Special Education , Faculty of Education, , 3663 N. Zhongshan Rd, Shanghai ,","place":["P.R. China"]},{"name":"East China Normal University , Faculty of Education, , 3663 N. Zhongshan Rd, Shanghai ,","place":["P.R. China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2024122022333903900_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010329912848","article-title":"Memory for faces, shoes, and objects by deaf and hearing signers and hearing nonsigners","volume":"30","author":"Arnold","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Psycholinguistic Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024122022333903900_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023277220438","article-title":"Memory for faces and objects by deaf and hearing signers and hearing nonsigners","volume":"27","author":"Arnold","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Psycholinguistic Research"},{"key":"2024122022333903900_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1006\/cogp.1993.1007","article-title":"Inversion and configuration of faces","volume":"25","author":"Bartlett","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cognitive Psychology"},{"key":"2024122022333903900_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.deafed.a014328","article-title":"Enhanced facial discrimination: Effects of experience with American sign language","volume":"2","author":"Bettger","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"key":"2024122022333903900_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1348\/174866407X231010","article-title":"Preservation of mouth region processing in two cases of prosopagnosia","volume":"2","author":"Bukach","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"31","key":"2024122022333903900_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26996","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-022-03705-8","article-title":"Face masks inhibit facial cues for approachability and trustworthiness: An eyetracking study","volume":"42","author":"Bylianto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Current Psychology: A Journal for Diverse Perspectives on Diverse Psychological Issues"},{"key":"2024122022333903900_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9280.00283","article-title":"Features are also important: Contributions of featural and configural processing to face recognition","volume":"11","author":"Cabeza","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024122022333903900_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1006\/jecp.1995.1009","article-title":"The development of differential use of inner and outer face features in familiar face identification","volume":"59","author":"Campbell","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"key":"2024122022333903900_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1126\/science.831281","article-title":"From piecemeal to configurational representation of faces","volume":"195","author":"Carey","year":"1977","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024122022333903900_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1080\/17470218.2013.828315","article-title":"The face inversion effect--parts and wholes: Individual features and their configuration","volume":"67","author":"Civile","year":"2014","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024122022333903900_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.5406\/amerjpsyc.129.1.0023","article-title":"The face inversion effect: Roles of First and Second-Order Configural information","volume":"129","author":"Civile","year":"2016","journal-title":"The American Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"2024122022333903900_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1177\/03010066231215909","article-title":"Using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to selectively modulate the face inversion effect and N170 event-related potentials","volume":"53","author":"Civile","year":"2023","journal-title":"Perception"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"2024122022333903900_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1177\/00238309990420020801","article-title":"Neuropsychological studies of linguistic and affective facial expressions in deaf signers","volume":"42","author":"Corina","year":"1999","journal-title":"Language and Speech"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024122022333903900_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aud.0000226248.45263.ad","article-title":"Eye fixations of deaf and hearing observers in simultaneous communication perception","volume":"27","author":"De Filippo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ear and Hearing"},{"key":"2024122022333903900_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2012.00124","article-title":"Early deafness increases the face inversion effect but does not modulate the composite face effect","volume":"3","author":"De Heering","year":"2012","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024122022333903900_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.115.2.107","article-title":"Why faces are and are not special: An effect of expertise","volume":"115","author":"Diamond","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024122022333903900_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1007\/s00426-019-01160-y","article-title":"Deaf signers outperform hearing non-signers in recognizing happy facial expressions","volume":"84","author":"Dobel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychological Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024122022333903900_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enn037","article-title":"Eye gaze during comprehension of American sign language by native and beginning signers","volume":"14","author":"Emmorey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024122022333903900_ref19","first-page":"628","article-title":"What causes the face inversion effect?","volume":"21","author":"Farah","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance"},{"key":"2024122022333903900_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.105.3.482","article-title":"What is \u201cspecial\u201d about face perception?","volume":"105","author":"Farah","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"issue":"7","key":"2024122022333903900_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1080\/13506280344000022","article-title":"Early maturity of face processing in children: Local and relational distinctiveness effects in 7-year-olds","volume":"10","author":"Gilchrist","year":"2003","journal-title":"Visual Cognition"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024122022333903900_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2006.11.001","article-title":"The perception of emotion and social cues in faces","volume":"45","author":"Haxby","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024122022333903900_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1080\/13506285.2016.1221488","article-title":"Investigating the face inversion effect in a deaf population using the dimensions tasks","volume":"24","author":"He","year":"2016","journal-title":"Visual Cognition"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024122022333903900_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enac041","article-title":"Deaf and hearing children: A comparison of face perception","volume":"28","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024122022333903900_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03195010","article-title":"A strong test of the dual-mode hypothesis","volume":"67","author":"Ingvalson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Perception & Psychophysics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024122022333903900_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1080\/713755889","article-title":"When inverted faces are recognized: The role of configural information in face recognition","volume":"53","author":"Leder","year":"2000","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"key":"2024122022333903900_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2006.01.001","article-title":"Sensitivity of 4-year-olds to featural and second-order relational changes in face distinctiveness","volume":"94","author":"McKone","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024122022333903900_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.3233\/RNN-120233","article-title":"Behavioral and neural evidence of increased attention to the bottom half of the face in deaf signers","volume":"31","author":"Mitchell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024122022333903900_ref30","first-page":"159","article-title":"Why 8-year-olds cannot tell the difference between Steve Martin and Paul Newman: Factors contributing to the slow development of sensitivity to the spacing of facial features","volume":"89","author":"Mondloch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024122022333903900_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1068\/p3339","article-title":"Configural face processing develops more slowly than featural face processing","volume":"31","author":"Mondloch","year":"2002","journal-title":"Perception"},{"issue":"11","key":"2024122022333903900_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2006.01806.x","article-title":"Becoming a face expert","volume":"17","author":"Mondloch","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024122022333903900_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1080\/026999396380303","article-title":"Varieties of cues to emotion in naturally occurring situations","volume":"10","author":"Planalp","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cognition and Emotion"},{"key":"2024122022333903900_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1080\/15250000902994248","article-title":"Infants\u2019 processing of featural and configural information in the upper and lower halves of the face","volume":"14","author":"Quinn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infancy"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024122022333903900_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(93)90061-Y","article-title":"What's lost in inverted faces?","volume":"47","author":"Rhodes","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024122022333903900_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1348\/174866408X289944","article-title":"Is the loss of diagnosticity of the eye region of the face a common aspect of acquired prosopagnosia?","volume":"3","author":"Rossion","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024122022333903900_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00152","article-title":"Development of face processing: The effect of face inversion","volume":"71","author":"Schwarzer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"2024122022333903900_ref39","first-page":"904","article-title":"Inversion and processing of component and spatial-relational information in faces","volume":"22","author":"Searcy","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance"},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"2024122022333903900_ref40","first-page":"221","article-title":"An investigation into component and configural processes underlying face perception","volume":"75","author":"Sergent","year":"1984","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychology (London, England\u00a0: 1953)"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024122022333903900_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1111\/bjop.12583","article-title":"Understanding trait impressions from faces","volume":"113","author":"Sutherland","year":"2022","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"2024122022333903900_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1080\/14640749308401045","article-title":"Parts and wholes in face recognition","volume":"46","author":"Tanaka","year":"1993","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024122022333903900_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-014-0628-0","article-title":"Losing face: Impaired discrimination of featural and configural information in the mouth region of an inverted face","volume":"76","author":"Tanaka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics"},{"key":"2024122022333903900_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2014.01.001","article-title":"The effects of information type (features vs. configuration) and location (eyes vs. mouth) on the development of face perception","volume":"124","author":"Tanaka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"key":"2024122022333903900_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03211301","article-title":"Features and their configuration in face recognition","volume":"25","author":"Tanaka","year":"1997","journal-title":"Memory & Cognition"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024122022333903900_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8295.1988.tb02747.x","article-title":"Upside-down faces: A review of the effect of inversion upon face","volume":"79","author":"Valentine","year":"1988","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024122022333903900_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1167\/10.5.10","article-title":"Face inversion impairs holistic perception: Evidence from gaze-contingent stimulation","volume":"10","author":"VanBelle","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Vision"},{"key":"2024122022333903900_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.00559","article-title":"An other-race effect for configural and featural processing of faces: Upper and lower face regions play different roles","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024122022333903900_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.56","article-title":"Specific impairment of face-processing abilities in children with autism spectrum disorder using the Let's face it! Skills battery","volume":"1","author":"Wolf","year":"2008","journal-title":"Autism Research"},{"key":"2024122022333903900_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1037\/h0027474","article-title":"Looking at upside-down faces","volume":"81","author":"Yin","year":"1969","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"key":"2024122022333903900_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2018.12.003","article-title":"One of us? How facial and symbolic cues to own- versus other-race membership influence access to perceptual awareness","volume":"184","author":"Yuan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cognition"}],"container-title":["Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jdsde\/article-pdf\/30\/1\/138\/58840702\/enae033.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jdsde\/article-pdf\/30\/1\/138\/58840702\/enae033.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]],"date-time":"2024-12-20T22:34:05Z","timestamp":1734734045000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jdsde\/article\/30\/1\/138\/7734874"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,17]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jdsade\/enae033","relation":{},"ISSN":["1081-4159","1465-7325"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1081-4159"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1465-7325"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,17]]}}}