{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T19:42:39Z","timestamp":1754163759368,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"SI","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Deaf education research has long been preoccupied with the literacy levels of deaf students, particularly related to the idea that the average deaf high schooler graduates reading on the fourth-grade level. This statistic has been a rationale for countless interventions aimed at improving a so-called performance gap between deaf and hearing students. However, this statistic has also caused harm to deaf individuals, as research continues to frame the reading achievement of this population as a deficit in need of remediation. In this article, we performed a qualitative analysis of 14 articles published in the Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education that used research on the fourth-grade reading level statistics as a basis for their work to understand the theoretical frameworks, results, implications for practice, and overall article approach of these works. We found that the majority of these works tended to use a negative, deficit framework for understanding deaf students\u2019 reading and made recommendations that maintain a hearing status quo. We close by arguing for research that adopts more revolutionary and evolutionary frameworks that challenge the status quo and support researchers in understanding deaf students\u2019 reading development separate from how it compares to hearing students.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jdsade\/enaf024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T20:02:36Z","timestamp":1749672156000},"page":"SI26-SI42","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Tales of a fourth-grade nothingburger: a critical inquiry into deficit-framed research"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Jessica A","family":"Scott","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia State University Department of Learning Sciences\/Middle Secondary Education, , Atlanta, GA \u00a0","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jon","family":"Henner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina Department of Specialized Educational Services, , Greensboro, NC ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Terynce","family":"Butts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia State University Department of Learning Sciences\/Middle Secondary Education, , Atlanta, GA \u00a0","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leala","family":"Holcomb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tennessee , Center of Deafness, Knoxville, TN ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2025073109515849200_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enac017","article-title":"Online multi-component cognitive strategy instruction for cochlear implant users: Reading comprehension","volume":"27","author":"Ak\u00e7akaya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025073109515849200_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/env052","article-title":"Deaf students\u2019 reading and writing in college: Fluency, coherence, and comprehension","volume":"21","author":"Albertini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"key":"2025073109515849200_ref3","first-page":"161","volume-title":"Deaf children in America","author":"Allen","year":"1986"},{"volume-title":"AAAS Annual Report","year":"2003","author":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","key":"2025073109515849200_ref4"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025073109515849200_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enz035","article-title":"Deaf access: Adapting consent through community engagement and state-of-the-art simulation","volume":"25","author":"Anderson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"volume":"56","journal-title":"Research in the Teaching of English","key":"2025073109515849200_ref1b","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.58680\/rte202231640"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025073109515849200_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2001\/022)","article-title":"Relationships among speech perception, production, language, hearing loss, and age in children with impaired hearing","volume":"44","author":"Blamey","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"volume-title":"This idea must die: Scientific ideas that are blocking progress","year":"2015","author":"Brockman","key":"2025073109515849200_ref7"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025073109515849200_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enm031","article-title":"Nonword repetition with spectrally reduced speech: Some developmental and clinical findings from pediatric cochlear implantation","volume":"12","author":"Burkholder-Juhasz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"key":"2025073109515849200_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1108\/S0275-495920230000040006","volume-title":"Social factors, health care inequities and vaccination","author":"Burrows","year":"2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025073109515849200_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1017\/S0142716421000412","article-title":"Predictors of reading comprehension in deaf and hearing bilinguals","volume":"43","author":"Cates","year":"2022","journal-title":"Applied PsychoLinguistics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025073109515849200_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.3102\/0091732X20985070","article-title":"Evidence-based practices in deaf education: A call to center research and evaluation on the experiences of deaf people","volume":"45","author":"Cawthon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Review of Research in Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025073109515849200_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enx042","article-title":"Early reading development in Chinese-speaking children with hearing loss","volume":"23","author":"Chan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025073109515849200_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/env003","article-title":"Concurrent correlates of Chinese word recognition in deaf and hard-of-hearing children","volume":"20","author":"Ching","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025073109515849200_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1080\/10573569.2013.878123","article-title":"The importance of early sign language acquisition for deaf readers","volume":"32","author":"Clark","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reading and Writing Quarterly"},{"volume-title":"The mind hears","year":"2019","author":"Cook","key":"2025073109515849200_ref16"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025073109515849200_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.1999.07048.x","article-title":"Attitudes and beliefs of African Americans toward participation in medical research","volume":"14","author":"Corbie-Smith","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of General Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025073109515849200_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/ent045","article-title":"Spoken English language development among native signing children with cochlear implants","volume":"19","author":"Davidson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"key":"2025073109515849200_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S25","DOI":"10.1002\/rrq.411","article-title":"The science of reading progresses: Communicating advances beyond the simple view of reading","volume":"56","author":"Duke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reading Research Quarterly"},{"key":"2025073109515849200_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780190887599.003.0012","volume-title":"Deaf identities: Exploring new Frontiers","author":"Dunn","year":"2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025073109515849200_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1353\/aad.2012.1611","article-title":"States\u2019 reading outcomes of students who are D\/deaf and hard of hearing","volume":"157","author":"Easterbrooks","year":"2012","journal-title":"American Annals of the Deaf"},{"key":"2025073109515849200_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2016.06.007","article-title":"The neural underpinnings of reading skill in deaf adults","volume":"160","author":"Emmorey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"key":"2025073109515849200_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1787\/2dac420b-en","volume-title":"Education in the digital age: Healthy and happy children","author":"Eynon","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025073109515849200_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1353\/hsj.2007.0022","article-title":"Examining disparities in mathematics education: Achievement gap or opportunity gap?","volume":"91","author":"Flores","year":"2007","journal-title":"The High School Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025073109515849200_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.17763\/0017-8055.85.2.149","article-title":"Undoing appropriateness: Raciolinguistic ideologies and language diversity in education","volume":"85","author":"Flores","year":"2015","journal-title":"Harvard Educational Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025073109515849200_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.4236\/psych.2011.21003","article-title":"Deaf individuals\u2019 bilingual abilities: American sign language proficiency, reading skills, and family characteristics","volume":"02","author":"Freel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025073109515849200_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enx001","article-title":"Speech intelligibility and psychosocial functioning in deaf children and teens with cochlear implants","volume":"22","author":"Freeman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"key":"2025073109515849200_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02648057","article-title":"The theory of multiple intelligences","volume":"37","author":"Gardner","year":"1987","journal-title":"Annals of Dyslexia"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025073109515849200_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.130.5.634","article-title":"Speech, language, and reading skills after early cochlear implantation","volume":"130","author":"Geers","year":"2004","journal-title":"Archives of Otolaryngology\u2013Head & Neck Surgery"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025073109515849200_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-3489","article-title":"Early sign language exposure and cochlear implantation benefits","volume":"140","author":"Geers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025073109515849200_ref31","first-page":"1","article-title":"Deaf adults\u2019 view of having speech language therapy in early schooling","volume":"55","author":"Greene","year":"2023","journal-title":"JADARA"},{"key":"2025073109515849200_ref32","first-page":"7","article-title":"Kantogen [prefatory note]","volume":"19","author":"Hagiwara","year":"1964","journal-title":"Rokyoiku"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025073109515849200_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enw054","article-title":"Auditory deprivation does not impair executive function, but language deprivation might: Evidence from a parent-report measure in deaf native signing children","volume":"22","author":"Hall","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"key":"2025073109515849200_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1353\/sls.0.0011","article-title":"Research ethics in sign language communities","volume":"9","author":"Harris","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sign Language Studies"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025073109515849200_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enw101","article-title":"Concurrent and longitudinal predictors of reading for deaf and hearing children in primary school","volume":"22","author":"Harris","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"key":"2025073109515849200_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1982","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01982","article-title":"American sign language syntax and analogical reasoning skills are influenced by early acquisition and age of entry to signing schools for the deaf","volume":"7","author":"Henner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"2025073109515849200_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.4324\/9780367815103-6","volume-title":"Linguistic discrimination in US higher education: Power, prejudice, impacts","author":"Henner","year":"2021"},{"volume":"56","key":"2025073109515849200_ref1h","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.58680\/rte202231640"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025073109515849200_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.48516\/jcscd_2023vol1iss1.4","article-title":"Unsettling languages, unruly Bodyminds: A crip linguistics manifesto","volume":"1","author":"Henner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Critical Study of Communication and Disability"},{"key":"2025073109515849200_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.4324\/9780367808686-16-19","volume-title":"Discussing bilingualism in deaf children: Essays in honor of Robert Hoffmeister","author":"Henner","year":"2021"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025073109515849200_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/ent003","article-title":"Executive functions and behavioral problems in deaf and hard-of-hearing students at general and special schools","volume":"18","author":"Hintermair","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"key":"2025073109515849200_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.01153","article-title":"The contribution of phonological knowledge, memory, and language backgrounds to reading comprehension in deaf populations","volume":"6","author":"Hirshorn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025073109515849200_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1353\/aad.0.0116","article-title":"Deaf epistemology: The deaf way of knowing","volume":"154","author":"Holcomb","year":"2010","journal-title":"American Annals of the Deaf"},{"key":"2025073109515849200_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jdsade.enae048","article-title":"Challenging the \u2018norm\u2019: A critical look at deaf-hearing comparison studies","volume-title":"The Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education","author":"Holcomb"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025073109515849200_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.3390\/languages8040240","article-title":"Demystifying translanguaging","volume":"8","author":"Holcomb","year":"2023","journal-title":"Language"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025073109515849200_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1353\/sls.2012.0014","article-title":"Deaf education policy as language policy: A comparative analysis of Sweden and the United States","volume":"12","author":"Hult","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sign Language Studies"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025073109515849200_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enw037","article-title":"Effects on deaf patients of medication education by pharmacists","volume":"21","author":"Hyoguchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"key":"2025073109515849200_ref47","first-page":"21","volume-title":"Oxford handbook of deaf studies, language, and education","author":"Karchmer","year":"2003"},{"key":"2025073109515849200_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctv2rcnghv","article-title":"Guidelines for multilingual deaf education teacher preparation programs","author":"Kurz","year":"2021"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025073109515849200_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1097\/tld.0000000000000053","article-title":"A comparison of deaf and hearing children\u2019s reading comprehension profiles","volume":"35","author":"Kyle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Topics in Language Disorders"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025073109515849200_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/ent027","article-title":"American sign language\/English bilingual model: A longitudinal study of academic growth","volume":"18","author":"Lange","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025073109515849200_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enz009","article-title":"DHH students\u2019 comprehension of irony in self-paced reading","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025073109515849200_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.3390\/languages7040311","article-title":"Translanguaging practices of a multiethnic and multilingual deaf family in a raciolinguistic world and beyond","volume":"7","author":"Lim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Language"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025073109515849200_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enn017","article-title":"The appropriateness of the NC state-mandated reading competency test for deaf students as a criterion for high school graduation","volume":"14","author":"Lollis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025073109515849200_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enx043","article-title":"Literacy outcomes in deaf students with cochlear implants: Current state of the knowledge","volume":"23","author":"Mayer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025073109515849200_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enab013","article-title":"Reading achievement of deaf students: Challenging the fourth grade ceiling","volume":"26","author":"Mayer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"volume-title":"Individual growth and school success: A technical report from the NWEA growth research database","year":"2004","author":"McCall","key":"2025073109515849200_ref56"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025073109515849200_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/env031","article-title":"Facilitating vocabulary acquisition of children with cochlear implants using electronic storybooks","volume":"20","author":"Messier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025073109515849200_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/ens067","article-title":"Phonological awareness: Explicit instruction for young deaf and hard-of-hearing children","volume":"18","author":"Miller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025073109515849200_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1177\/1932202x18758260","article-title":"A general critical discourse analysis framework for educational research","volume":"29","author":"Mullet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Advanced Academics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025073109515849200_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1097\/01.hj.0000657988.24659.f3","article-title":"The importance of signed languages for deaf children and their families","volume":"73","author":"Murray","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Hearing Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025073109515849200_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/ens037","article-title":"Rethinking education of deaf children in Zimbabwe: Challenges and opportunities for teacher education","volume":"18","author":"Musengi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"volume-title":"Doctorate recipients from US universities: 2017. Special report NSF 19\u2013301","year":"2018","author":"National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics","key":"2025073109515849200_ref62"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025073109515849200_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/6.1.32","article-title":"Effects of articulation training on the production of trained and untrained phonemes in conversations and formal tests","volume":"6","author":"Paatsch","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025073109515849200_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enj008","article-title":"The effects of speech production and vocabulary training on different components of spoken language performance","volume":"11","author":"Paatsch","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025073109515849200_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1353\/aad.0.0125","article-title":"The qualitative similarity hypothesis","volume":"154","author":"Paul","year":"2010","journal-title":"American Annals of the Deaf"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025073109515849200_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enr028","article-title":"Large-scale academic achievement testing of deaf and hard-of-hearing students: Past, present, and future","volume":"17","author":"Qi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"volume-title":"Surviving systemic audism: A participatory action research study of deaf professionals\u2019 educational experiences and community cultural wealth","year":"2021","author":"Rems Smario","key":"2025073109515849200_ref67"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025073109515849200_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1348\/014466610x492205","article-title":"Milgram\u2019s obedience to authority experiments: Origins and early evolution","volume":"50","author":"Russell","year":"2011","journal-title":"British Journal of Social Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025073109515849200_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1353\/aad.2021.0010","article-title":"A call for diversity of perspective in deaf education research: A rejoinder to Mayer & Trezek (2020)","volume":"166","author":"Scott","year":"2021","journal-title":"American Annals of the Deaf"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025073109515849200_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1353\/aad.2023.a904167","article-title":"Remaking the present to change the future: Vygotsky, pragmatism, and a multilingual\/multimodal approach to deaf education","volume":"168","author":"Scott","year":"2023","journal-title":"American Annals of the Deaf"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025073109515849200_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enw065","article-title":"Factors predicting the reading comprehension of bilingual deaf and hard of hearing students","volume":"22","author":"Scott","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025073109515849200_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enx052","article-title":"Superordinate precision: An examination of academic writing among bilingual deaf and hard of hearing students","volume":"23","author":"Scott","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025073109515849200_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1177\/1556264614540589","article-title":"Toward ethical research practice with deaf participants","volume":"9","author":"Singleton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025073109515849200_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1080\/09687599.2013.823081","article-title":"Toward a social relational model of deaf childhood","volume":"29","author":"Snoddon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Disability & Society"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025073109515849200_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/ens038","article-title":"Consonant development in pediatric cochlear implant users who were implanted before 30 months of age","volume":"18","author":"Spencer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"key":"2025073109515849200_ref1s"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025073109515849200_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1080\/14790718.2017.1315808","article-title":"Translanguaging, learning and teaching in deaf education","volume":"14","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Multilingualism"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025073109515849200_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enw055","article-title":"Vocabulary and grammar differences between deaf and hearing students","volume":"22","author":"Takahashi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025073109515849200_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/5.4.337","article-title":"The Stanford achievement test, 9th edition: National norming and performance standards for deaf and hard-of-hearing students","volume":"5","author":"Traxler","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025073109515849200_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enab010","article-title":"Meta-analytic findings on reading in children with cochlear implants","volume":"26","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025073109515849200_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enab043","article-title":"Oral language acquisition in preschool children who are deaf and hard-of-hearing","volume":"27","author":"Werfel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025073109515849200_ref81","first-page":"191","article-title":"The American vernacular method","volume":"34","author":"Westervelt","year":"1889","journal-title":"American Annals of the Deaf"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025073109515849200_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3390\/languages8010059","article-title":"Translanguaging framework for deaf education","volume":"8","author":"Wolbers","year":"2023","journal-title":"Language"},{"key":"2025073109515849200_ref83","first-page":"311","article-title":"Developing reading test norms for deaf children","volume":"108","author":"Wrightstone","year":"1963","journal-title":"American Annals of the Deaf"}],"container-title":["Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jdsde\/article-pdf\/30\/SI\/SI26\/63468909\/enaf024.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jdsde\/article-pdf\/30\/SI\/SI26\/63468909\/enaf024.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T13:52:05Z","timestamp":1753969925000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jdsde\/article\/30\/SI\/SI26\/8160228"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"SI","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jdsade\/enaf024","relation":{},"ISSN":["1081-4159","1465-7325"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1081-4159"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1465-7325"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}}}