{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,31]],"date-time":"2025-08-31T10:10:16Z","timestamp":1756635016304,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"SI","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"USDOE IES","award":["R324A100176"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R324A100176"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Identifying specific learning disabilities in deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) students presents unique challenges due to various factors, including language access. This study utilized data from 810 students enrolled in schools for the deaf to examine the influence of gender, educational level, signing status, and vocabulary knowledge on specific learning disability identification or suspicion. The analysis revealed that male students, those in middle school, and nonnative signers are more likely to be suspected of or identified with specific learning disabilities. These findings emphasize the need for thorough, culturally sensitive evaluations and the difficulties in differentiating between the effects of language deprivation and actual learning disabilities in DHH individuals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jdsade\/enaf026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T15:58:13Z","timestamp":1746201493000},"page":"SI67-SI78","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Learning disability identification in residential schools for deaf students"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Ashley H","family":"Gentry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Specialized Education Services Department, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro, NC ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jon","family":"Henner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Specialized Education Services Department, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro, NC ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristin","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, NY ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Hoffmeister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deaf Studies, Boston University , Boston, MA ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025073109514936400_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195368673.003.0005","volume-title":"Perspectives on deafness. Deaf cognition: Foundations and outcomes","author":"Akamatsu","year":"2008"},{"key":"2025073109514936400_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2013","edition":"5th"},{"key":"2025073109514936400_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110522143-008","volume-title":"Play development in children with disabilities","author":"Andreeva","year":"2017"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025073109514936400_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1080\/09540250802190180","article-title":"Gender bias and imbalance: Girls in US special education programmes","volume":"20","author":"Arms","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gender and Education"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025073109514936400_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12691","article-title":"Explaining the sex difference in dyslexia","volume":"58","author":"Arnett","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025073109514936400_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5650-z","article-title":"Social risk factors for speech, scholastic and coordination disorders: A nationwide register-based study","volume":"18","author":"Arrhenius","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025073109514936400_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/0741932513507754","article-title":"A situated analysis of special education disproportionality for systemic transformation in an urban school district","volume":"35","author":"Bal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remedial and Special Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025073109514936400_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2010.01.004","article-title":"Is relational reasoning dependent on language? A voxel-based lesion symptom mapping study","volume":"113","author":"Baldo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"key":"2025073109514936400_ref8a","article-title":"Teaching students with dyslexia and dysgraphia: Lessons from teaching and science. Paul H","volume-title":"Brookes Publishing Co","author":"Berninger","year":"2009"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025073109514936400_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1044\/2018_LSHSS-17-0130","article-title":"Language sample practices with children who are deaf and hard of hearing","volume":"49","author":"Blaiser","year":"2018","journal-title":"Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025073109514936400_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1179\/1557069X15Y.0000000006","article-title":"Students who are deaf with additional disabilities: Does educational label impact language services?","volume":"17","author":"Borders","year":"2015","journal-title":"Deafness and Education International"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025073109514936400_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-017-9422-6","article-title":"The role of executive functions in reading comprehension","volume":"30","author":"Butterfuss","year":"2018","journal-title":"Educational Psychology Review"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025073109514936400_ref12a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2010.09.007","article-title":"Foundational numerical capacities and the origins of dyscalculia","volume":"14","author":"Butterworth","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025073109514936400_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.17105\/SPR45-3.362-371","article-title":"Comparison of students' achievement: Deaf, learning disabled, and deaf with a learning disability","volume":"45","author":"Caemmerer","year":"2016","journal-title":"School Psychology Review"},{"key":"2025073109514936400_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2016.09.012","article-title":"Successful communication does not drive language development: Evidence from adult homesign","volume":"158","author":"Carrigan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025073109514936400_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1037\/xlm0000713","article-title":"Degree and not type of iconicity affects sign language vocabulary acquisition","volume":"46","author":"Caselli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025073109514936400_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enu024","article-title":"Word and world knowledge among deaf learners with and without cochlear implants","volume":"19","author":"Convertino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025073109514936400_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2012.04.003","article-title":"First language acquisition differs from second language acquisition in prelingually deaf signers: Evidence from sensitivity to grammaticality judgment in British sign language","volume":"124","author":"Cormier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"article-title":"The state of learning disabilities: Facts, trends and emerging issues","volume-title":"New York: National Center for Learning Disabilities","author":"","key":"2025073109514936400_ref19"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025073109514936400_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1177\/0741932510362513","article-title":"Economic and demographic predictors of inclusive education","volume":"32","author":"Cosier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remedial and Special Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025073109514936400_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1177\/0731948720949964","article-title":"The use of response to intervention to inform special education eligibility decisions for students with specific learning disabilities","volume":"43","author":"Gartland","year":"2020","journal-title":"Learning Disability Quarterly"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025073109514936400_ref23","first-page":"54","article-title":"Language deprivation is a game changer for the clinical specialty of deaf mental health","volume":"54","author":"Glickman","year":"2020","journal-title":"JADARA"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025073109514936400_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1002\/pits.22333","article-title":"Building strong foundations for educational achievement: Language assessments in early childhood education for deaf and hard of hearing children","volume":"57","author":"Graham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychology in the Schools"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025073109514936400_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/ens026","article-title":"Modifying the classroom environment to increase engagement and decrease disruption with students who are deaf or hard of hearing","volume":"17","author":"Guardino","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"key":"2025073109514936400_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003252054-1","volume-title":"Deaf and hard of hearing learners with disabilities","author":"Guardino","year":"2022"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025073109514936400_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-017-2287-y","article-title":"What you don\u2019t know can hurt you: The risk of language deprivation by impairing sign language development in deaf children","volume":"21","author":"Hall","year":"2017","journal-title":"Maternal and Child Health Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025073109514936400_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enw054","article-title":"Auditory deprivation does not impair executive function, but language deprivation might: Evidence from a parent-report measure in deaf native signing children","volume":"22","author":"Hall","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025073109514936400_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1177\/0142723719834102","article-title":"Deaf children need language, not (just) speech","volume":"39","author":"Hall","year":"2019","journal-title":"First Language"},{"key":"2025073109514936400_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1982","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01982","article-title":"American sign language syntax and analogical reasoning skills are influenced by early acquisition and age of entry to signing schools for the deaf","volume":"7","author":"Henner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025073109514936400_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/eny014","article-title":"Recent issues in the use of signed language assessments for diagnosis of language disorders in signing deaf and hard of hearing children","volume":"23","author":"Henner","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"volume-title":"Casey Foundation","year":"2011","author":"Hernandez","key":"2025073109514936400_ref32"},{"key":"2025073109514936400_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199371815.003.0007","volume-title":"Bilingualism and bilingual deaf education","author":"Hintermair","year":"2014"},{"key":"2025073109514936400_ref35","first-page":"28","article-title":"Implementation and effectiveness of the response to intervention (RTI) program","volume":"22","author":"Hite","year":"2015","journal-title":"Georgia School Counselors Association Journal"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"2025073109514936400_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1080\/15235882.2023.2169412","article-title":"Characteristics of deaf emergent writers who experienced language deprivation","volume":"45","author":"Holcomb","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bilingual Research Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025073109514936400_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1002\/pits.22290","article-title":"Assessments to evaluate bilinguals: The overdue discussion of the deaf and hard of hearing student population in the United States","volume":"57","author":"Holcomb","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychology in the Schools"},{"key":"2025073109514936400_ref38","article-title":"The state of learning disabilities: Understanding the 1 in 5","author":"Horowitz","year":"2017","journal-title":"National Center for Learning Disabilities"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025073109514936400_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1086\/689543","article-title":"Avoiding linguistic neglect of deaf children","volume":"90","author":"Humphries","year":"2016","journal-title":"Social Service Review"},{"year":"2004","author":"Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, 20 U.S.C. \u00a7\u00a7 300.307, 602(30)(c)","key":"2025073109514936400_ref40"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025073109514936400_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1097\/TLD.0000000000000007","article-title":"Understanding why a child is struggling to learn: The role of cognitive processing evaluation in learning disability identification","volume":"34","author":"Johnson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Topics in Language Disorders"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025073109514936400_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/ent029","article-title":"Including deaf and hard-of-hearing students with co-occurring disabilities in the accommodations discussion","volume":"19","author":"Leppo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025073109514936400_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1177\/00222194050380020201","article-title":"Male vulnerability to reading disability is not likely to be a myth: A call for new data","volume":"38","author":"Liederman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025073109514936400_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1177\/1044207313478661","article-title":"Access to assessment? Legal and practical issues regarding psychoeducational assessment in children with sensory disabilities","volume":"25","author":"Lund","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Disability Policy Studies"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025073109514936400_ref44a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-003-0001-9","article-title":"A definition of dyslexia","volume":"53","author":"Lyon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annals of Dyslexia"},{"key":"2025073109514936400_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780199750986.001.0001","volume-title":"The Oxford handbook of deaf studies, language, and education","author":"Maller","year":"2011","edition":"2nd ed."},{"article-title":"Facts from SEELS: Perspectives on students\u2019 primary disability classifications (Report No. 0.09)","year":"2009","author":"Marder","key":"2025073109514936400_ref46"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025073109514936400_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1179\/1557069X12Y.0000000010","article-title":"Educating deaf children: Language, cognition, and learning","volume":"14","author":"Marschark","year":"2012","journal-title":"Deafness and Education International"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025073109514936400_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1017\/S0142716407070294","article-title":"When timing is everything: Age of first-language acquisition effects on second-language learning","volume":"28","author":"Mayberry","year":"2007","journal-title":"Applied PsychoLinguistics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025073109514936400_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enq049","article-title":"Reading achievement in relation to phonological coding and awareness in deaf readers: A meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Mayberry","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025073109514936400_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1037\/a0034832","article-title":"Whose IQ is it?\u2014Assessor bias variance in high-stakes psychological assessment","volume":"26","author":"McDermott","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychological Assessment"},{"volume-title":"Integrated multi-tiered systems of support: Blending RTI and PBIS","year":"2016","author":"McIntosh","key":"2025073109514936400_ref51"},{"volume-title":"Minn. Stat. \u00a7 3525.1341","year":"2008","author":"Minnesota Department of Education","key":"2025073109514936400_ref52"},{"author":"","key":"2025073109514936400_ref52a"},{"key":"2025073109514936400_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1111\/lang.12078","article-title":"The development of antonym knowledge in American sign language (ASL) and its relationship to reading comprehension in English","volume":"64","author":"Novogrodsky","year":"2014","journal-title":"Language Learning"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025073109514936400_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.11.020","article-title":"Comparison of two nonverbal intelligence tests among children who are deaf or hard of hearing","volume":"35","author":"Phillips","year":"2014","journal-title":"Research in Developmental Disabilities"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025073109514936400_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enr028","article-title":"Large-scale academic achievement testing of deaf and hard-of-hearing students: Past, present, and future","volume":"17","author":"Qi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025073109514936400_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219413508323","article-title":"Gender differences in reading impairment and the identification of impaired readers: Results from a large-scale study of at-risk readers","volume":"48","author":"Quinn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025073109514936400_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.5964\/ejop.v5i4.244","article-title":"A critique of the IQ\/achievement discrepancy model for identifying specific learning disabilities","volume":"5","author":"Restori","year":"2009","journal-title":"Europe's Journal of Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025073109514936400_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797612450883","article-title":"Early executive function predicts reasoning development","volume":"24","author":"Richland","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025073109514936400_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1080\/1045988X.2013.859560","article-title":"When a student does not qualify for special education: Issues and recommendations","volume":"59","author":"Schultz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Preventing School Failure: Alternative Education for Children and Youth"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025073109514936400_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2455","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280218784726","article-title":"Sample size for binary logistic prediction models: Beyond events per variable criteria","volume":"28","author":"Smeden","year":"2019","journal-title":"Statistical Methods in Medical Research"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025073109514936400_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1002\/pits.21802","article-title":"Cognitive assessment practices: A survey of school psychologists","volume":"51","author":"Sotelo-Dynega","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychology in the Schools"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025073109514936400_ref66","first-page":"1","article-title":"Confronting inequity in special education, part I: Understanding the problem of disproportionality","volume":"38","author":"Sullivan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Communiqu\u00e9"},{"volume-title":"School and district glossary","year":"2021","author":"U.S. Department of Education","key":"2025073109514936400_ref67"},{"volume-title":"Wash. Stat. \u00a7 392-172A-03065","year":"2007","author":"Washington State Legislature","key":"2025073109514936400_ref69"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025073109514936400_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1177\/0731948717710778","article-title":"RTI and other approaches to SLD identification under the IDEA: A legal update","volume":"40","author":"Zirkel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Learning Disability Quarterly"}],"container-title":["Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jdsde\/article-pdf\/30\/SI\/SI67\/63046580\/enaf026.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jdsde\/article-pdf\/30\/SI\/SI67\/63046580\/enaf026.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T13:52:08Z","timestamp":1753969928000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jdsde\/article\/30\/SI\/SI67\/8124253"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"SI","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jdsade\/enaf026","relation":{},"ISSN":["1081-4159","1465-7325"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1081-4159"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1465-7325"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}}}