{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,21]],"date-time":"2025-09-21T08:16:50Z","timestamp":1758442610188,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751500800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005246","name":"Institute of Education Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000138","name":"U.S. Department of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000138","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Special Education Research and Development Centeron Reading Instruction for Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Students","award":["R324C120001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R324C120001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>While recent studies have highlighted promising deaf-centered instructional approaches and positive writing outcomes for deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) students, there remains a gap in research on the validity of writing fluency assessments for DHH learners. This study examines the reliability and validity of the Correct Word Sequences (CWS) task as a measure of written fluency in DHH first and second graders, comparing it to the Woodcock-Johnson III Writing Fluency subtest (WJ-III WF). A sample of 64 children participated, and multiple linear regression models were used to assess the relationship between CWS and WJ-III WF scores across fall and spring semesters. Findings suggest that CWS is a reliable and valid measure of writing fluency for young DHH writers, offering a potential alternative or complement to existing assessments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jdsade\/enaf041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]],"date-time":"2025-05-31T07:40:05Z","timestamp":1748677205000},"page":"496-505","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Using correct word sequences to assess writing fluency in deaf learners"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Hannah M","family":"Dostal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Curriculum and Instruction, University of Connecticut , Storrs, CT ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Easterbrooks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research on Development and Learning, Georgia State University , Atlanta, GA ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025092001281125900_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2012.06.714","article-title":"The use of Woodcock-Johnson tests of identifying students with special needs; a comprehensive literature review","volume":"47","author":"Abu-Hamour","year":"2012","journal-title":"Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025092001281125900_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1037\/a0035692","article-title":"Developmental relations between reading and writing at the word, sentence, and text levels: A latent change score analysis","volume":"106","author":"Ahmed","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"2025092001281125900_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1177\/001440299906500210","article-title":"Exploring the technical adequacy of curriculum-based measurement in reading for children who use manually coded English","volume":"65","author":"Allinder","year":"1999","journal-title":"Exceptional Children"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025092001281125900_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1080\/02702711.2010.505165","article-title":"Addressing summer reading setback among economically disadvantaged elementary students","volume":"31","author":"Allington","year":"2010","journal-title":"Reading Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025092001281125900_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enp009","article-title":"Academic status and progress of deaf and hard-of-hearing students in general education classrooms","volume":"14","author":"Antia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025092001281125900_ref5a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enz050","article-title":"Language and reading progress of young deaf and hard-of-hearing children","volume":"25","author":"Antia","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"volume-title":"MuMIn: Multi-model inference","year":"2023","author":"Barto\u0144","key":"2025092001281125900_ref6"},{"volume-title":"Model selection and multimodel inference: A practical information-theoretic approach","year":"2002","author":"Burnham","key":"2025092001281125900_ref7"},{"volume-title":"Accommodations to improve instruction and assessment of students who are deaf or hard of hearing","year":"2005","author":"Case","key":"2025092001281125900_ref8"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025092001281125900_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1353\/aad.2015.0036","article-title":"From the margins to the spotlight: Diverse deaf and hard of hearing student populations and standardized assessment accessibility","volume":"160","author":"Cawthon","year":"2015","journal-title":"American Annals of the Deaf"},{"volume-title":"Assessment of reading and writing samples of deaf and hard of hearing students by curriculum-based measurements","year":"2002","author":"Chen","key":"2025092001281125900_ref10"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025092001281125900_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enp013","article-title":"Investigating the technical adequacy of curriculum-based measurement in written expression for students who are deaf and hard of hearing","volume":"14","author":"Cheng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"key":"2025092001281125900_ref12"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025092001281125900_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1177\/001440298505200303","article-title":"Curriculum-based measurement: The emerging alternative","volume":"52","author":"Deno","year":"1985","journal-title":"Exceptional Children"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025092001281125900_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1177\/00224669030370030801","article-title":"Developments in curriculum-based measurement","volume":"37","author":"Deno","year":"2003","journal-title":"The Journal of Special, Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025092001281125900_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1177\/001440298204800417","article-title":"Valid measurement procedures for continuous, evaluation of written expression","volume":"48","author":"Deno","year":"1982","journal-title":"Exceptional Children"},{"author":"Deno","key":"2025092001281125900_ref16","article-title":"Relationships among simple measures of written expression and performance on standardized achievement tests"},{"key":"2025092001281125900_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780197508268.001.0001","volume-title":"The Oxford Handbook of Deaf Studies in Literacy","author":"Dostal","year":"2020"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025092001281125900_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1080\/14643154.2016.1230415","article-title":"Examining student writing proficiencies across genres: Results of an intervention study","volume":"18","author":"Dostal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Deafness and Education International"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025092001281125900_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enae001","article-title":"Strategic and interactive writing instruction","volume":"29","author":"Dostal","year":"2024","journal-title":"The Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"key":"2025092001281125900_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/jdsade\/enaf050","article-title":"Secondary deaf students' writing outcomes and the influence of expressive language","author":"Dostal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"key":"2025092001281125900_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijer.2021.101849","article-title":"Transfer of writing skills across genres","volume":"109","author":"Dostal","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Educational Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025092001281125900_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1353\/aad.2012.1611","article-title":"States' reading outcomes of students who are deaf and hard of hearing","volume":"157","author":"Easterbrooks","year":"2012","journal-title":"American Annals of the Deaf"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025092001281125900_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1177\/00224669050380040201","article-title":"The relationship between curriculum-based measures in written expression and quality and completeness of expository writing for middle school students","volume":"38","author":"Espin","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Journal of Special Education"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025092001281125900_ref24a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1007\/s11145-007-9051-4","article-title":"Using curriculum-based measurement to inform reading instruction","volume":"20","author":"Fuchs","journal-title":"Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal"},{"volume-title":"Using CBM for progress monitoring in written expression and spelling","year":"2011","author":"Fuchs","key":"2025092001281125900_ref24"},{"key":"2025092001281125900_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32614\/CRAN.package.irr","volume-title":"Various coefficients of interrater reliability and agreement","author":"Gamer","year":"2019"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025092001281125900_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1080\/02796015.2002.12086169","article-title":"Moving beyond total words written: The reliability, criterion validity, and time cost of alternate measures for curriculum-based measurement in writing","volume":"31","author":"Gansle","year":"2002","journal-title":"School Psychology Review"},{"volume-title":"Teacher Burnout: Voices from the Classroom","year":"2022","author":"Georgia Department of Education","key":"2025092001281125900_ref27"},{"article-title":"Georgia Early Literacy Act, H.B. 538","year":"2024","author":"Georgia General Assembly","key":"2025092001281125900_ref28"},{"key":"2025092001281125900_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-79948-3_1501","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of clinical neuropsychology","author":"Grizzle","year":"2011"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025092001281125900_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s11145-022-10330-1","article-title":"Reading & writing, prediction of kindergarten and first-grade reading skills: Unique contributions of preschool writing and early-literacy skills","volume":"37","author":"Hand","year":"2024","journal-title":"Reading and Writing"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025092001281125900_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.48516\/jcscd_2023vol1iss1.4","article-title":"Unsettling languages, unruly bodyminds: A crip linguistics manifesto","volume":"1","author":"Henner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Critical Study of Communication and Disability"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025092001281125900_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1002\/pits.20128","article-title":"Curriculum-based assessment","volume":"43","author":"Hintze","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychology in the Schools"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025092001281125900_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enab032","article-title":"Deaf children\u2019s ASL vocabulary and ASL syntax knowledge supports English knowledge","volume":"27","author":"Hoffmeister","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"2025092001281125900_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1080\/15235882.2023.2169412","article-title":"Characteristics of deaf emergent writers who experienced language deprivation","volume":"45","author":"Holcomb","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bilingual Research Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025092001281125900_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1093\/jdsade\/enae048","article-title":"Challenging the \u201cnorm\u201d: A critical look at deaf-hearing comparison studies in research","volume":"30","author":"Holcomb","year":"2025","journal-title":"The Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025092001281125900_ref36a","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effective measures in written language","volume":"19","author":"Isaacson","year":"1987","journal-title":"Focus onExceptional Children"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025092001281125900_ref37a","first-page":"183","article-title":"Simple ways to assess deaf or heard of hearing students' writing skills","volume":"98","author":"Isaacson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Volta Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025092001281125900_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enaa020","article-title":"Systematic review of curriculum-based measurement wit students who are deaf","volume":"25","author":"Lam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025092001281125900_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enaa003","article-title":"Technical characteristics of curriculum-based measurement with student who are deaf","volume":"25","author":"Lam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025092001281125900_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1037\/a0029558","article-title":"Language and literacy development of deaf and hard-of-hearing children: Successes and challenges","volume":"49","author":"Lederberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"2025092001281125900_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2020.104806","article-title":"The potential for multi-site literacy interventions to reduce summer slide among low-performing students","volume":"110","author":"Lenhoff","year":"2020","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"issue":"26","key":"2025092001281125900_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.00772","article-title":"Ggeffects: Tidy data frames of marginal effects from regression models","volume":"3","author":"L\u00fcdecke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Open Source Software"},{"volume-title":"Technical manual, Woodcock-Johnson III normative update","year":"2007","author":"McGrew","key":"2025092001281125900_ref41"},{"key":"2025092001281125900_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781483346489.n1","volume-title":"Deaf studies encyclopedia","author":"Mitchell","year":"2016"},{"key":"2025092001281125900_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-5269-0","volume-title":"Assessing literacy in deaf individuals","author":"Morere","year":"2012"},{"key":"2025092001281125900_ref46","first-page":"433","volume-title":"Handbook of writing research","author":"Pugh","year":"2006"},{"key":"2025092001281125900_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1007\/s11145-011-9331-x","article-title":"Examining the contribution of handwriting and spelling to written expression in kindergarten children","volume":"25","author":"Puranik","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal"},{"key":"2025092001281125900_ref47a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1353\/aad.2019.0005","article-title":"Schooling effects on early literacy skills of young deaf and hard of hearing children","volume":"163","author":"Scott","year":"2019","journal-title":"American Annals of the Deaf"},{"key":"2025092001281125900_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enr028","article-title":"Large-scale academic achievement testing of deaf-and-hard of hearing students: Past, present, and future","volume":"17","author":"Qi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"year":"..","author":"Rose","key":"2025092001281125900_ref49"},{"article-title":"Technical Abstract (Woodcock-Johnson III assessment service bulletin No. 2). Itasca, IL: Riverside Publishing","year":"2001","author":"Schrank","key":"2025092001281125900_ref50"},{"key":"2025092001281125900_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1177\/002246690003400305","article-title":"Technical adequacy of the maze task for curriculum based measurement of reading growth","volume":"34","author":"Shin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Special Education"},{"volume-title":"Literacy: Theory and practice","year":"1984","author":"Street","key":"2025092001281125900_ref52"},{"journal-title":"National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP)","article-title":"Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for education statistics","author":"U.S. Department of Education","key":"2025092001281125900_ref54"},{"volume-title":"Correct word sequences: A valid indicator of writing proficiency in written expression","year":"1982","author":"Videen","key":"2025092001281125900_ref56"},{"volume-title":"Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes","year":"1978","author":"Vygotsky","key":"2025092001281125900_ref57"},{"volume-title":"Educational interventions related to the Woodcock-Johnson III tests of achievement (assessment service bulletin No. 8)","year":"2007","author":"Wendling","key":"2025092001281125900_ref58"},{"key":"2025092001281125900_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/15257401231181511","article-title":"What can deaf and hard-of-hearing first-year community college students teach us about reading?","volume":"46","author":"Williams","year":"2023","journal-title":"Communication Disorders Quarterly"},{"key":"2025092001281125900_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1214246","article-title":"Writing knowledge, practices, efficacy, interests, and beliefs of deaf education teachers: A randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in psychology\u2014Educational","volume":"14","author":"Wolbers","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025092001281125900_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1177\/00144029211050849","article-title":"Specialized writing instruction for deaf students: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"88","author":"Wolbers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exceptional Children"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025092001281125900_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/env022","article-title":"The writing performance of elementary students receiving strategic and interactive writing instruction","volume":"20","author":"Wolbers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025092001281125900_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enad062","article-title":"Writing instruction with grade-level\/college-bound secondary deaf students","volume":"29","author":"Wolbers","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"}],"container-title":["Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jdsde\/article-pdf\/30\/4\/496\/63651236\/enaf041.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jdsde\/article-pdf\/30\/4\/496\/63651236\/enaf041.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,20]],"date-time":"2025-09-20T05:28:24Z","timestamp":1758346104000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jdsde\/article\/30\/4\/496\/8183033"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jdsade\/enaf041","relation":{},"ISSN":["1081-4159","1465-7325"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1081-4159"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1465-7325"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]]}}}