{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T06:13:41Z","timestamp":1783577621930,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Cologne\u2019s Special Education Innovation Pool for the project \u201cAdditional Language Acquisition of Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Immigrant Students in Germany"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Teaching newly immigrated deaf and hard-of-hearing multimodal-multilingual learners requires the flexible and adapted use of diverse semiotic resources. This study adopts a linguistic ethnography approach to examine how three teachers use various semiotic resources in classrooms where German and German Sign Language (DGS) are taught simultaneously. The study analyzes (a) which semiotic resources are employed and (b) how teachers jointly use them to support students\u2019 languages learning. The findings reveal that teachers commonly draw on DGS, written (and spoken) German, and further semiotic resources: fingerspelling (manual alphabet of DGS), mouthing (German), and signing systems. Moreover, they may also incorporate student-initiated semiotic resources, i.e., students\u2019 heritage sign language and the manual alphabet of heritage sign language, to connect these to targeted languages. Furthermore, teachers calibrate additional semiotic resources, such as digital media, into their teaching to foster understanding. Overall, the study highlights teachers\u2019 strategies for supporting language development and facilitating understanding in a multimodal-multilingual learning environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jdsade\/enaf076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T12:43:43Z","timestamp":1762173823000},"page":"238-250","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Teachers\u2019 use of semiotic resources in the multimodal-multilingual language instruction"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1726-1038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maike","family":"Beyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Linguistics, Stockholm University ,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Insitutionen f\u00f6r lingvistik , Stockholm 10691 ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2026070901164516300_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/082957350001500201","article-title":"Meeting the psychoeducational needs of deaf immigrant and refugee children","volume":"15","author":"Akamatsu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of School Psychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026070901164516300_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4752(01)00032-9","article-title":"Explorations in bilingual instructional interaction: Perspective on literacy","volume":"12","author":"Bagga-Gupta","year":"2002","journal-title":"Learning and Instruction"},{"key":"2026070901164516300_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315675824-20","volume-title":"The Routledge handbook of linguistic ethnography","author":"Barwell","year":"2019","edition":"1st ed"},{"issue":"14","key":"2026070901164516300_ref4","first-page":"398","article-title":"Sprachliche Vielfalt h\u00f6rgesch\u00e4digter kinder und Jugendlicher\u2014Bilingual-bimodale Sprachbildung in heterogenen Lerngruppen","volume":"98","author":"Becker","year":"2014","journal-title":"DAS ZEICHEN"},{"key":"2026070901164516300_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.24053\/9783823391753","volume-title":"Deutsche Geb\u00e4rdensprache: Mehrsprachigkeit mit Laut- und Geb\u00e4rdensprache","author":"Becker","year":"2019","edition":"1st"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026070901164516300_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/01434632.2024.2380818","article-title":"Language education of immigrant d\/deaf and hard-of-hearing multilingual learners\u2014An interview study","volume":"46","author":"Begon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development"},{"key":"2026070901164516300_ref7","first-page":"51","article-title":"Sprachliche Entwicklung und sprachliche Bildung neu zugewanderter geh\u00f6rloser und schwerh\u00f6riger Sch\u00fcler*innen","volume":"120","author":"Begon","year":"2023","journal-title":"DAS ZEICHEN"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026070901164516300_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1080\/14790718.2017.1315809","article-title":"Translanguaging and the body","volume":"14","author":"Blackledge","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Multilingualism"},{"key":"2026070901164516300_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003259176-1","volume-title":"Deaf and hard of hearing multilingual learners","author":"Cannon","year":"2022","edition":"1st"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026070901164516300_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1515\/iral-2022-0206","article-title":"Scoping review of research methodologies across language studies with deaf and hard-of-hearing multilingual learners","volume":"62","author":"Cannon","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026070901164516300_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1075\/sll.11.1.04cra","article-title":"Frequency distribution and spreading behavior of different types of mouth actions in three sign languages","volume":"11","author":"Crasborn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sign Language & Linguistics"},{"key":"2026070901164516300_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"xi","DOI":"10.21832\/9781800410756","volume-title":"Critical perspectives on plurilingualism in deaf education","author":"Cummins","year":"2021"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026070901164516300_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1080\/01434632.2019.1592181","article-title":"Describe, don\u2019t prescribe. 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