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However, some children struggle with aspects of comprehension or production, and their communication with other signers is hindered. An online survey was used to gather estimates from professionals who work with signing DHH children about aspects of signed language comprehension and production that tend to be challenging for DHH children who are exposed to a signed language early and regularly throughout childhood (early\/regular group) and DHH children who do not have early and regular exposure to a signed language (delayed\/limited group). Estimates from 55 professionals revealed differences in the prevalence of language challenges across groups, with children in the delayed\/limited exposure group reported to experience significantly more challenges than the early\/regular exposure group, across all features of language examined. Focused analyses of specific features reveal that some aspects of language are more difficult than others.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jdsade\/enaf083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,28]],"date-time":"2025-12-28T12:37:44Z","timestamp":1766925464000},"page":"397-412","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Examining signed language challenges of early- and late-exposed deaf children"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0344-1875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Quinto-Pozos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Linguistics, University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James P","family":"McCann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hearing, Speech, and Language Sciences, Gallaudet University , Washington, DC ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maya","family":"Athreya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Linguistics, University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren Kelley","family":"Tuppen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cypress Fairbanks Independent School District , Houston, Texas ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cara","family":"Barnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indiana School for the Deaf , Indianapolis, Indiana ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Rosenthal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dark Horse Therapeutics PLLC ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ohio School for the Deaf , Columbus, Ohio ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026072501413946100_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1080\/14643154.2020.1737764","article-title":"American Sign Language (ASL) development: Deaf students\u2019 ASL skills across age and time and implications for instruction","volume":"23","author":"Beal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Deafness and Education International"},{"key":"2026072501413946100_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enu025","article-title":"Deaf students\u2019 receptive and expressive American Sign Language skills: Comparisons and relations","volume":"19","author":"Beal-Alvarez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"key":"2026072501413946100_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogpsych.2012.02.002","article-title":"The two-word stage: Motivated by linguistic or cognitive constraints?","volume":"65","author":"Berk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cognitive Psychology"},{"key":"2026072501413946100_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1080\/01690960500139363","article-title":"Grammatical processing in American Sign Language: Age of first-language acquisition effects in relation to syntactic structure","volume":"21","author":"Boudreault","year":"2006","journal-title":"Language and Cognitive Processes"},{"key":"2026072501413946100_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2022.104334","article-title":"Contrast coding choices in a decade of mixed models","volume":"125","author":"Brehm","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Memory and Language"},{"key":"2026072501413946100_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1017\/S0305000918000417","article-title":"Acquiring a first language in adolescence; 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