{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T20:39:54Z","timestamp":1772138394561,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]],"date-time":"2024-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["310030_184916"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["310030_184916"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Sperm competition is a potent mechanism of postcopulatory sexual selection that has been found to shape reproductive morphologies and behaviours in promiscuous animals. Especially sperm size has been argued to evolve in response to sperm competition through its effect on sperm longevity, sperm motility, the ability to displace competing sperm, and ultimately fertilization success. Additionally, sperm size has been observed to co-evolve with female reproductive morphology. Theoretical work predicts that sperm competition may select for longer sperm but may also favour shorter sperm if sperm size trades-off with number. In this study, we studied the relationship between sperm size and postmating success in the free-living flatworm, Macrostomum lignano. Specifically, we used inbred isolines of M. lignano that varied in sperm size to investigate how sperm size translated into the ability of worms to transfer and deposit sperm in a mating partner. Our results revealed a hump-shaped relationship with individuals producing sperm of intermediate size having the highest sperm competitiveness. This finding broadens our understanding of the evolution of sperm morphology by providing empirical support for stabilizing selection on sperm size under sperm competition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jeb\/voae058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]],"date-time":"2024-05-13T07:35:02Z","timestamp":1715585702000},"page":"829-838","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Sperm competition favours intermediate sperm size in a hermaphrodite"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1298-1489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Santhosh","family":"Santhosh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, University of Basel , CH-4 4051 Basel , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2653-3772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dieter","family":"Ebert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, University of Basel , CH-4 4051 Basel , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Janicke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionelle et Evolutive, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD , 34293 Montpellier Cedex 05 , France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"2024071013163674300_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/12.6.726","article-title":"Sperm size of African cichlids in relation to sperm competition","volume":"12","author":"Balshine","year":"2001","journal-title":"Behavioral Ecology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024071013163674300_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","article-title":"Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4","volume":"67","author":"Bates","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"issue":"1799","key":"2024071013163674300_CIT0003","first-page":"20141897","article-title":"Long sperm fertilize more eggs in a bird","volume":"282","author":"Bennison","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proceedings Biological Sciences"},{"key":"2024071013163674300_CIT0004","volume-title":"Sperm competition and sexual selection","author":"Birkhead","year":"1999"},{"key":"2024071013163674300_CIT0005","volume-title":"bbmle: Tools for general maximum likelihood estimation","author":"Bolker","year":"2022"},{"issue":"1319","key":"2024071013163674300_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1992.0013","article-title":"Sperm size and sperm competition in birds","volume":"247","author":"Briskie","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proceedings Biological Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024071013163674300_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.2307\/2411167","article-title":"The evolution of sperm size in birds","volume":"51","author":"Briskie","year":"1997","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024071013163674300_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e413","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000413","article-title":"Postcopulatory sexual selection is associated with reduced variation in sperm morphology","volume":"2","author":"Calhim","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024071013163674300_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0192644","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192644","article-title":"Sperm morphology, sperm motility and paternity success in the bluethroat (Luscinia svecica)","volume":"13","author":"Cascio S\u00e6tre","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"22","key":"2024071013163674300_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8641","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1200219109","article-title":"Sexual selection and the differential effect of polyandry","volume":"109","author":"Collet","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"2024071013163674300_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-013-1594-6","article-title":"No evidence that sperm morphology predicts paternity success in wild house wrens","volume":"67","author":"Cramer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology"},{"issue":"12","key":"2024071013163674300_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gau067","article-title":"Sexual selection and the evolution of sperm quality","volume":"20","author":"Fitzpatrick","year":"2014","journal-title":"Molecular Human Reproduction"},{"issue":"1353","key":"2024071013163674300_CIT0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1994.0169","article-title":"Associations between body size, mating pattern, testis size and sperm lengths across butterflies","volume":"258","author":"Gage","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. 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