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This paper shows that mate choice likely occurs in hermaphrodite C. elegans on the basis of stimulation from the male genital spicules, making it possible to apply the toolkit of extensive background knowledge of C. elegans and powerful modern techniques to test in unprecedented detail the leading hypotheses regarding one of the most sweeping trends in all of animal evolution, the especially rapid divergence of genital morphology. The recognition that sexual selection by mate choice may also occur in other contexts in C. elegans suggests additional payoffs from exploring previously unrecognized possibilities that female-active hermaphrodite reproductive behaviours are triggered by male stimulation. These facultative behaviours include attracting males, fleeing from or otherwise resisting males, opening the vulva to allow intromission, guiding sperm migration, avoiding rapid oviposition following copulation that results in sperm loss, expelling recently received sperm, and increasing feeding rates following copulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jeb\/voae106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,14]],"date-time":"2024-09-14T10:15:50Z","timestamp":1726308950000},"page":"1137-1147","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Genital courtship and female-active roles in mating: sexual selection by mate choice in <i>Caenorhabditis elegans<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9603-3533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William G","family":"Eberhard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute , Ancon ,","place":["Panama"]},{"name":"Biolog\u00eda, Universidad de Costa Rica, Ciudad Universitaria ,","place":["Costa Rica"]},{"name":"Louisiana State University, Museum of Natural Sciences , Baton Rouge, LA 70808 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024101014413330300_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6976","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-34770-z","article-title":"The history of sexual selection research provides insights as to why females are still understudies","volume":"13","author":"Ah-King","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024101014413330300_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001851","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001851","article-title":"Genital evolution: Why are females still understudied","volume":"12","author":"Ah-King","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Biology"},{"key":"2024101014413330300_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-17894-3_4","article-title":"Post-copulatory sexual selection in two tropical orb-weaving Leucauge spiders","volume-title":"Cryptic female choice in arthropods","author":"Aisenberg","year":"2015"},{"key":"2024101014413330300_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9780691207278","volume-title":"Sexual selection","author":"Andersson","year":"1994"},{"issue":"12","key":"2024101014413330300_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1005729","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1005729","article-title":"Sex pheromones of C. elegans males prime the female reproductive system and ameliorate the effects of heat stress","volume":"11","author":"Aprison","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Genetics"},{"key":"2024101014413330300_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199678020.003.0011","article-title":"Cryptic female choice","volume-title":"The evolution of insect mating systems","author":"Arnqvist","year":"2014"},{"key":"2024101014413330300_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400850600","volume-title":"Sexual conflict","author":"Arnqvist","year":"2005"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024101014413330300_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.1994.1221","article-title":"Copulatory plugs and paternity assurance in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"48","author":"Barker","year":"1994","journal-title":"Animal Behaviour"},{"key":"2024101014413330300_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1895\/wormbook.1.78.1","article-title":"Male mating behavior","volume-title":"The C. elegans research community","author":"Barr","year":"2006"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024101014413330300_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.117.300294","article-title":"Sexual dimorphism and sex differences in Caenorhabditis elegans neuronal development and behavior","volume":"208","author":"Barr","year":"2018","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"issue":"7","key":"2024101014413330300_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a017749","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a017749","article-title":"Mechanisms and evidence of genital coevolution; 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