{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T13:22:31Z","timestamp":1775136151623,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OIA-1920858"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OIA-1920858"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DBI-2244712"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DBI-2244712"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Projecting how populations will adapt to environmental changes requires a mechanistic understanding of selection imposed by various biotic and abiotic factors. In white clover (Trifolium repens), clines in an antiherbivore defence mechanism, hydrogen cyanide (HCN), form via variation in selection imposed by the environment. However, the specific environmental factors that select for or against chemical defence phenotypes in white clover remain unresolved. We performed a field experiment, including a factorial manipulation of precipitation and herbivory at high and low latitude study sites. These factors are hypothesized to be important in driving HCN cline formation, so we investigated their effects on fitness of a white clover F3 recombinant population, segregating for the alleles underlying the HCN defence phenotype. We found precipitation and herbivory did not drive differential selection on HCN or its metabolic components, although the strength of our conclusions about precipitation was impacted by the limited effectiveness of this treatment. Independent of the manipulations, HCN phenotypes did not exhibit the expected latitudinally dependent fitness advantages based on observed HCN clines. Instead, we found that possession of an individual metabolic component of HCN, cyanogenic glycosides, resulted in a fitness advantage, even when lacking the ability to produce HCN, and that this advantage was most prominent at the northern study site, where cyanogenic glycosides are rarer. These results suggest additional physiological roles of cyanogenic glycosides in adaptation of white clover to its environment. This study highlights the importance of experimental manipulations to understand the, often unexpected, ways selection acts on phenotypic traits in natural populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jeb\/voag008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T12:32:42Z","timestamp":1771331562000},"page":"535-551","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A field experiment assessing the roles of drought, herbivory, and local climate on cyanogenesis cline formation and local adaptation in\n                    <i>Trifolium repens<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2097-5927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas J","family":"Albano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, , Toronto, ON ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"University of Toronto Mississauga Department of Biology, , Mississauga, ON ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Courtney M","family":"Patterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Louisiana at Lafayette Department of Biology, , Lafayette, LA ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evan J","family":"Kidder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Louisiana at Lafayette Department of Biology, , Lafayette, LA ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicholas J","family":"Kooyers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Louisiana at Lafayette Department of Biology, , Lafayette, LA ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9719-0522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc T J","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto Mississauga Department of Biology, , Mississauga, ON ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S35","DOI":"10.1086\/666727","article-title":"A field experiment demonstrating plant life-history evolution and its eco-evolutionary feedback to seed predator populations","volume":"181","author":"Agrawal","year":"2013","journal-title":"The American Naturalist"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e09629","DOI":"10.1111\/oik.09629","article-title":"Interactions environmental factors drive selection on cyanogenesis in Trifolium repens","volume":"2023","author":"Albano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib2","first-page":"e70043","article-title":"A transcontinental experiment elucidates (mal)adaptation of a cosmopolitan plant to climate in space and time","volume-title":"Ecological\u00a0Monographs","author":"Albano","year":"2026"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2249","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.12745","article-title":"Experimental studies on adaptation in Clarkia xantiana. III. Phenotypic selection across a subspecies border","volume":"69","author":"Anderson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1038\/hdy.1974.6","article-title":"Selective eating of the acyanogenic form of Trifolium repens","volume":"32","author":"Angseesing","year":"1974","journal-title":"Heredity"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.13579","article-title":"Testing for latitudinal gradients in defense at the macroevolutionary scale","volume":"72","author":"Anstett","year":"2018","journal-title":"Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2915","DOI":"10.1890\/13-0932.1","article-title":"Latitudinal gradients in herbivory on Oenothera biennis vary according to herbivore guild and specialization","volume":"95","author":"Anstett","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2016.07.011","article-title":"Sources of controversy surrounding latitudinal patterns in herbivory and defense","volume":"31","author":"Anstett","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends in Ecology & Evolution"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jhered.a105227","article-title":"Inheritance of a cyanogenetic glucoside and its hydrolyzing enzyme in Trifolium repens","volume":"34","author":"Atwood","year":"1943","journal-title":"Journal of Heredity"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mct139","article-title":"Seedling-herbivore interactions: insights into plant defence and regeneration patterns","volume":"112","author":"Barton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annals of Botany"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1086\/707322","article-title":"Context dependence of local adaptation to abiotic and biotic environments: A quantitative and qualitative synthesis","volume":"195","author":"Briscoe\u00a0Runquist","year":"2020","journal-title":"The American Naturalist"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2017-066","article-title":"glmmTMB balances speed and flexibility among packages for zero-inflated generalized linear mixed modeling","volume":"9","author":"Brooks","year":"2017","journal-title":"The R Journal"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.2307\/2259979","article-title":"Trifolium repens L","volume":"71","author":"Burdon","year":"1983","journal-title":"The Journal of Ecology"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib14","article-title":"Plant-animal interactions: Evolutionary ecology in tropical and temperate regions","volume-title":"A comparison of herbivory and plant defenses in temperate and tropical broad-leaved forests","author":"Coley","year":"1991"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.27.1.305","article-title":"Herbivory and plant defenses in tropical forests","volume":"27","author":"Coley","year":"1996","journal-title":"Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1126\/science.230.4728.895","article-title":"Resource availability and plant antiherbivore defense","volume":"230","author":"Coley","year":"1985","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib17","first-page":"65","article-title":"Cyanogenesis in white clover (Trifolium repens L.). I. Cyanogenesis in single plants","volume":"22","author":"Corkill","year":"1940","journal-title":"New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib75_573_074626","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20210077","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2021.0077","article-title":"The genetic architecture and evolution of life-history divergence among perennials in the Mimulus guttatus species complex","volume":"288","author":"Coughlan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1038\/hdy.1954.5","article-title":"Gene frequencies in wild populations of Trifolium repens. I. Distribution by latitude","volume":"8","author":"Daday","year":"1954","journal-title":"Heredity"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1038\/hdy.1954.40","article-title":"Gene frequencies in wild populations of Trifolium repens. II. Distribution by altitude","volume":"8","author":"Daday","year":"1954","journal-title":"Heredity"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1038\/hdy.1958.22","article-title":"Gene frequencies in wild populations of Trifolium repens. III. World distribution","volume":"12","author":"Daday","year":"1958","journal-title":"Heredity"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1038\/hdy.1965.49","article-title":"Gene frequencies in wild populations of Trifolium repens. IV. Mechanism of natural selection","volume":"20","author":"Daday","year":"1965","journal-title":"Heredity"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1910(96)00123-0","article-title":"Mediation of host-plant use by a glucoside in Callosobruchus maculatus F. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)","volume":"43","author":"Desroches","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Insect Physiology"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.2307\/2259867","article-title":"Experimental studies on slug-plant interactions: III. Differences in the acceptability of individual plants of Trifolium repens to slugs and snails","volume":"70","author":"Dirzo","year":"1982","journal-title":"The Journal of Ecology"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1400033","DOI":"10.3732\/apps.1400033","article-title":"Easy Leaf Area: Automated digital image analysis for rapid and accurate measurement of leaf area","volume":"2","author":"Easlon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Applications in Plant Sciences"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12061213","article-title":"Assessing the benefits and costs of the hydrogen cyanide antiherbivore defense in Trifolium repens","volume":"12","author":"Emad\u00a0Fadoul","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib26","volume-title":"Geographic variation, speciation, and clines","author":"Endler","year":"1977"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1039\/an9669100282","article-title":"Replacement of benzadine by copper ethylacetoacetate and tetra base as spot-test reagent for hydrogen cyanide and cyanogen","volume":"91","author":"Feigl","year":"1966","journal-title":"The Analyst"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.13476","article-title":"Differential adaptation to a harsh granite outcrop habitat between sympatric Mimulus species","volume":"72","author":"Ferris","year":"2018","journal-title":"Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib74_448_073926","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4302","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.5086","article-title":"WorldClim 2: New 1-lm spatial resolution climate surfaces for global land areas","volume":"37","author":"Fick","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Climatology"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib76_895_075126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2138","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2002.tb00139.x","article-title":"Minor quantitative trait loci underlie floral traits associated with mating system divergence in Mimulus","volume":"56","author":"Fishman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1038\/hdy.1972.23","article-title":"The response of cyanogenic and acyanogenic phenotypes of Trifolium repens to soil moisture supply","volume":"28","author":"Foulds","year":"1972","journal-title":"Heredity"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1038\/hdy.1972.14","article-title":"The influence of soil moisture on the frequency of cyanogenic plants in populations of Trifolium repens and Lotus corniculatus","volume":"28","author":"Foulds","year":"1972","journal-title":"Heredity"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib31","volume-title":"An R companion to applied regression","author":"Fox","year":"2019","edition":"3rd ed"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1038\/hdy.1990.48","article-title":"Altitudinal clines for cyanogenesis in introduced populations of white clover near Vancouver, Canada","volume":"64","author":"Ganders","year":"1990","journal-title":"Heredity"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/121.1.129","article-title":"Genotype-environment interactions and the maintenance of polygenic variation","volume":"121","author":"Gillespie","year":"1989","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib80_329_115626","article-title":"GADM database of Global Administrative Areas (version 4.1) \u2013 United States (level 1) and Canada (level 1)","author":"Global Administrative Areas (GADM)","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20160146","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2016.0146","article-title":"Evolution cause by extreme events","volume":"372","author":"Grant","year":"2017","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1086\/707323","article-title":"Local adaptation to biotic interactions: A meta-analysis across latitudes","volume":"195","author":"Hargreaves","year":"2020","journal-title":"The American Naturalist"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcaf037","article-title":"Evolution of drought resistant strategies following the introduction of white clover (Trifolium repens L.)","volume":"135","author":"Hendrickson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Annals of Botany"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1086\/597611","article-title":"A quantitative survey of local adaptation and fitness trade-offs","volume":"173","author":"Hereford","year":"2009","journal-title":"The American Naturalist"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2011.03816.x","article-title":"The latitudinal herbivory-defence hypothesis takes a detour on the map","volume":"191","author":"Johnson","year":"2011","journal-title":"New Phytologist"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1111\/een.12280","article-title":"Precision and accuracy in quantifying herbivory","volume":"41","author":"Johnson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecological Entomology"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00292324","article-title":"An analysis of the costs and benefits of the cyanogenic system in Trifolium repens L","volume":"77","author":"Kakes","year":"1989","journal-title":"Theoretical and Applied Genetics"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2004.00684.x","article-title":"Conceptual issues in local adaptation","volume":"7","author":"Kawecki","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ecology Letters"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1080\/01426390306531","article-title":"A plant that changed the world: The rise and fall of clover 1000\u20132000","volume":"28","author":"Kj\u00e6rgaard","year":"2003","journal-title":"Landscape Research"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2455","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2012.05486.x","article-title":"Rapid evolution of an adaptive cyanogenesis cline in introduced North American white clover (Trifolium repens L.)","volume":"21","author":"Kooyers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Molecular Ecology"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.1731","article-title":"Optimal defense theory explains deviations from latitudinal herbivory defense hypothesis","volume":"98","author":"Kooyers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.12666","article-title":"Aridity shapes cyanogenesis cline evolution in white clover (Trifolium repens L.)","volume":"23","author":"Kooyers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Molecular Ecology"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1002\/ajb2.1134","article-title":"Freeze-induced cyanide toxicity does not maintain the cyanogenesis polymorphism in white clover (Trifolium repens)","volume":"105","author":"Kooyers","year":"2018","journal-title":"American Journal of Botany"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2018.00014","article-title":"Design and manual to construct rainout-shelters from climate change experiments in agroecosystems","volume":"6","author":"Kundel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Environmental Science"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e17484","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.17484","article-title":"Beyond cyanogenesis: Temperature gradients drive environmental adaptation in North American white clover (Trifolium repens L.)","volume":"33","author":"Kuo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Molecular Ecology"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-024-01962-6","article-title":"De novo genome assembly of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) reveals the role of copy number variation in rapid environmental adaptation","volume":"22","author":"Kuo","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Biology"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib50","article-title":"emmeans: Estimated Marginal Means, aka Least-Squares Means","author":"Lenth","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(2007)88%5b424:CVSFIL%5d2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Climate vs. soil factors in local adaptation of two common plant species","volume":"88","author":"Macel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2329","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.12755","article-title":"The \u03b2-cyanoalanine synthase pathway: beyond cyanide detoxification","volume":"39","author":"Machingura","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plant, Cell & Environment"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2435.2010.01814.x","article-title":"Assessing the evidence for latitudinal gradients in plant defence and herbivory","volume":"25","author":"Moles","year":"2011","journal-title":"Functional Ecology"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2010.01.009","article-title":"Functional diversifications of cyanogenic glucosides","volume":"13","author":"M\u00f8ller","year":"2010","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Plant Biology"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1111\/oik.02040","article-title":"Latitudinal variation in herbivory: influences of climatic drivers, herbivore identity and natural enemies","volume":"124","author":"Moreira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1111\/ecog.03326","article-title":"Latitudinal variation in plant chemical defences drives latitudinal patterns of leaf herbivory","volume":"41","author":"Moreira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecography"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2018.00852","article-title":"Whole-plant metabolic allocation under water stress","volume":"9","author":"Mundim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Plant Science"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib81_532_110126","article-title":"Natural Earth 1:10m physical vectors \u2013 Lakes","author":"Natural Earth","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2000.tb00546.x","article-title":"Coevolutionary clines across selection mosaics","volume":"54","author":"Nuismer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib59","first-page":"4","article-title":"Bioclimatic predictors for supporting ecological applications in the conterminous United States","volume":"10","author":"O\u2019Donnell","year":"2012","journal-title":"US Geological Survey Data Series"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.15184","article-title":"Micro- and macroevolutionary adaptation through repeated loss of a complete metabolic pathway","volume":"219","author":"Olsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"New Phytologist"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1086\/591984","article-title":"Freezing tolerance and cyanogenesis in white clover (Trifolium repens L. Fabaceae)","volume":"169","author":"Olsen","year":"2008","journal-title":"International Journal of Plant Sciences"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.107.080366","article-title":"Evidence of the molecular basis of the Ac\/ac adaptive cyanogenesis polymorphism in white clover (Trifolium repens L.)","volume":"179","author":"Olsen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4180","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2007.03506.x","article-title":"Molecular evolution of the Li\/li chemical defence polymorphism in white clover (Trifolium repens L.)","volume":"16","author":"Olsen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Molecular Ecology"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2012.02.004","article-title":"The interplay between toxin-releasing \u03b2-glucosidase and plant iridoid glycosides impairs larval development in a generalist caterpillar, Grammia incorrupta (Arctiidae)","volume":"42","author":"Pankoke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib79_372_072226","article-title":"RStudio: Integrated Development Environment for R. Posit Software","author":"Posit Team","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.94.2.401","article-title":"Cyanogenesis in plants","volume":"94","author":"Poulton","year":"1990","journal-title":"Plant Physiology"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib78_111_071526","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/jeb.13392","article-title":"Herbivores and plant defences affect selection on plant reproductive traits more strongly than pollinators","volume":"32","author":"Santangelo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Evolutionary Biology"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1093\/evolut\/qpac048","article-title":"Life history and chemical defense interact to drive patterns of adaptation in an annual monkeyflower","volume":"77","author":"Scharnagl","year":"2023","journal-title":"Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aag2773","article-title":"Precipitation drives global variation in natural selection","volume":"355","author":"Siepielski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib77_240_075526","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.2011.01540.x","article-title":"Genetic architecture and adaptive significance of the selfing syndrome in Capsella","volume":"66","author":"Slotte","year":"2012","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1826","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1062249","article-title":"Resistance to an herbivore through engineered cyanogenic glucoside synthesis","volume":"293","author":"Tattersall","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20162180","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2016.2180","article-title":"Urbanization drives the evolution of parallel clines in plant populations","volume":"283","author":"Thompson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1111\/eva.12685","article-title":"Phenotypic selection on ponderosa pine seed and seedling traits in the field under three experimentally manipulated drought treatments","volume":"12","author":"Warwell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Evolutionary Applications"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1093\/jhered\/esx060","article-title":"Continent-wide climatic variation drives local adaptation in North American white clover","volume":"109","author":"Wright","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Heredity"},{"key":"2026040208363773100_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2022.113483","article-title":"Dhurrin: A naturally occurring phytochemical as a weapon against insect herbivores","volume":"205","author":"Yadav","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"}],"container-title":["Journal of Evolutionary Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jeb\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jeb\/voag008\/66957967\/voag008.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jeb\/article-pdf\/39\/4\/535\/66957967\/voag008.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jeb\/article-pdf\/39\/4\/535\/66957967\/voag008.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T12:36:47Z","timestamp":1775133407000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jeb\/article\/39\/4\/535\/8488592"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Gonzalez-Voyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Salvatore","family":"Cozzolino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jeb\/voag008","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-9101"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-9101","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]}}}