{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T15:56:59Z","timestamp":1786636619220,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783728000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The theory of inclusive fitness explains the process and purpose of social adaptation. However, the canonical derivation of inclusive fitness assumes a simple causal relationship between genotype and phenotype. In reality, different components of the genotype may have different impact upon the phenotype and different genetic relatedness to social partners, as, for example, in the case of parent-of-origin effects that have been implicated in the evolution of genomic imprinting and a diversity of pathological phenotypes. Whilst such scenarios may be framed in terms of a clash of inclusive-fitness interests of different genes or different genetic factions, it remains unclear whether and how an individual\u2019s inclusive fitness may be defined in the context of such internal conflicts. Here, I investigate how the derivation of inclusive fitness is affected in the context of an individual suffering from internal conflict between her maternal-origin versus paternal-origin genes. I show that, in relation to a single conflicted trait, the individual\u2019s inclusive fitness is given as a weighted average of the interests of the underlying genetic factions, with the power wielded by each faction providing the appropriate weight. This reveals that internal conflict\u00a0per se does not erode the adaptive integrity of the individual. Rather, it is variation in the underlying balance of power across different traits that leads to a breakdown of the individual\u2019s unity of purpose.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jeb\/voag059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T14:42:24Z","timestamp":1783780944000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Inclusive fitness for the conflicted individual"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1304-3734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andy","family":"Gardner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biology, University of St Andrews, Greenside Place , St Andrews, KY16 9TH ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081310265041200_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674029118","volume-title":"Genes in conflict","author":"Burt","year":"2006"},{"key":"2026081310265041200_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-5193(77)90301-0","article-title":"An elementary treatment of the genetical theory of kin selection","volume":"66","author":"Charnov","year":"1977","journal-title":"Journal of Theoretical Biology"},{"key":"2026081310265041200_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.82303","volume-title":"On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life","author":"Darwin","year":"1859"},{"key":"2026081310265041200_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1017\/S0080456800012163","article-title":"The correlation between relatives on the supposition of mendelian inheritance","volume":"52","author":"Fisher","year":"1918","journal-title":"Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh"},{"key":"2026081310265041200_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.27468","volume-title":"The genetical theory of natural selection","author":"Fisher","year":"1930"},{"key":"2026081310265041200_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9780691206820","volume-title":"Foundations of social evolution","author":"Frank","year":"1998"},{"key":"2026081310265041200_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2009.0674","article-title":"Adaptation as organism design","volume":"5","author":"Gardner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biology Letters"},{"key":"2026081310265041200_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20170005","DOI":"10.1098\/rsfs.2017.0005","article-title":"The purpose of adaptation","volume":"7","author":"Gardner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Interface Focus"},{"key":"2026081310265041200_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2008.01681.x","article-title":"Capturing the superorganism: A formal theory of group adaptation","volume":"22","author":"Gardner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Evolutionary Biology"},{"key":"2026081310265041200_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20130356","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0356","article-title":"Inclusive fitness: 50 years on","volume":"369","author":"Gardner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"},{"key":"2026081310265041200_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2011.02236.x","article-title":"The genetical theory of kin selection","volume":"24","author":"Gardner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Evolutionary Biology"},{"key":"2026081310265041200_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2000.1131","article-title":"Developments of the Price equation and natural selection under uncertainty","volume":"267","author":"Grafen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. 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