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Biome shifts can have major effects on the evolution of the species involved, including anagenetic changes in morphology, physiology, or life history and accelerated cladogenesis and diversification. Biome shifts can also be viewed as movements beyond a range margin. These shifts involve overcoming the physiological barriers that previously limited establishment, but potentially also subsequent evolution in other traits under the new environmental and biotic conditions. We examined how shifts between contrasting lowland and mountain biomes corresponded with evolution of a series of vegetative and reproductive traits, particularly focusing on transitions between combined and separate sexes (hermaphroditism and dioecy or gynodioecy) and between pigmented and white flowers in New Zealand\u2019s largest native angiosperm clade, Veronica sect. Hebe. We found an association between the evolution of a dimorphic sexual system and occupying the mountain biome, but sexual system transitions and biome shifts did not coincide. White and pigmented flowers were associated with mountain and lowland biomes, respectively, with coupled biome shifts and colour transitions. These associations between biomes, sexual system and flower colour states are likely driven by differences in types and activity of pollinators between biomes. Our findings illustrate how important changes in reproductive traits can accompany biome shifts, with some changes being more closely coupled to biome shifts than others.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jeb\/voag083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T00:07:22Z","timestamp":1788048442000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Transitions in reproductive traits accompany biome shifts in New Zealand species of the plant genus\n                    <i>Veronica<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8137-460X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esther E","family":"Dale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne , 1015 Lausanne ,","place":["Switzerland"]},{"name":"Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research Dunedin , Dunedin 9054 ,","place":["New Zealand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3794-5844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luke G","family":"Liddell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland , Auckland 1010 ,","place":["New Zealand"]},{"name":"Department of Botany, University of Otago , Dunedin 9016 ,","place":["New Zealand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2883-1901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew J","family":"Tanentzap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecosystems and Global Change Group, School of the Environment, Trent University , Peterborough, Ontario ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2808-6462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne E","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Brigham Young University , Provo, UT ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0098-7074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John R","family":"Pannell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne , 1015 Lausanne ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026101908563973800_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2009.09.030","article-title":"Phylogeny of Veronica in the Southern and Northern Hemispheres based on plastid, nuclear ribosomal and nuclear low-copy DNA","volume":"54","author":"Albach","year":"2010","journal-title":"Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution"},{"key":"2026101908563973800_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6034","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1713819115","article-title":"Amazonia is the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity","volume":"115","author":"Antonelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"2026101908563973800_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1537-2197.1982.tb13237.x","article-title":"Community studies in pollination ecology in the high temperate Andes of Central Chile. 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