{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T07:49:13Z","timestamp":1781941753914,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,4]],"date-time":"2020-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Friends of Long Island Horticulture, Hatch Multistate Research Fund","award":["1006646"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1006646"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Crop Protection and Pest Management Program"},{"name":"Extension Implementation Program","award":["2017-70006-27286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017-70006-27286"]}]},{"name":"Extension Implementation Program","award":["2017-70006-27278"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017-70006-27278"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>As part of an insect resistance management plan to preserve Bt transgenic technology, annual monitoring of target pests is mandated to detect susceptibility changes to Bt toxins. Currently Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) monitoring involves investigating unexpected injury in Bt crop fields and collecting larvae from non-Bt host plants for laboratory diet bioassays to determine mortality responses to diagnostic concentrations of Bt toxins. To date, this monitoring approach has not detected any significant change from the known range of baseline susceptibility to Bt toxins, yet practical field-evolved resistance in H. zea populations and numerous occurrences of unexpected injury occur in Bt crops. In this study, we implemented a network of 73 sentinel sweet corn trials, spanning 16 U.S. states and 4 Canadian provinces, for monitoring changes in H. zea susceptibility to Cry and Vip3A toxins by measuring differences in ear damage and larval infestations between isogenic pairs of non-Bt and Bt hybrids over three years. This approach can monitor susceptibility changes and regional differences in other ear-feeding lepidopteran pests. Temporal changes in the field efficacy of each toxin were evidenced by comparing our current results with earlier published studies, including baseline data for each Bt trait when first commercialized. Changes in amount of ear damage showed significant increases in H. zea resistance to Cry toxins and possibly lower susceptibility to Vip3a. Our findings demonstrate that the sentinel plot approach as an in-field screen can effectively monitor phenotypic resistance and document field-evolved resistance in target pest populations, improving resistance monitoring for Bt crops.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toaa264","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,22]],"date-time":"2020-10-22T19:12:42Z","timestamp":1603393962000},"page":"307-319","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Sweet Corn Sentinel Monitoring for Lepidopteran Field-Evolved Resistance to Bt Toxins"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"G P","family":"Dively","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2076-1494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T P","family":"Kuhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech, Suffolk, VA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H B","family":"Doughty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Tech ESAREC\/Entomology, Painter, VA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K","family":"Holmstrom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rutgers Pest Management, New Brunswick, NJ"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D","family":"Gilrein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LIHREC, Cornell University, Riverhead, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B A","family":"Nault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, Cornell AgriTech, Geneva, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Ingerson-Mahar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rutgers Pest Management, Alloway, NJ"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Whalen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Private IPM Consultant, Millington, MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9979-5813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D","family":"Reisig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, NC State University, Plymouth, NC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel L","family":"Frank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S J","family":"Fleischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, Penn State University, University Park, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Owens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Delaware Cooperative Extension, Carvel REC, Georgetown, DE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Welty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rothenbuhler Lab, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3691-4811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F P F","family":"Reay-Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pee Dee Research and Education Center, Clemson University, Florence, SC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P","family":"Porter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Lubbock, TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6747-9798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J L","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Field Crop Pest Management, University of Guelph, Ridgetown, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8430-5842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J","family":"Saguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEROM, 740 Chemin Trudeau, Saint-Mathieu-de-Beloeil, Quebec J3G 0E2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perennia Food and Agriculture, Kentville, Nova Scotia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Wallingford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New Hampshire Cooperative Extension, Durham, NH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H","family":"Byker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Winchester, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E","family":"Burkness","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W D","family":"Hutchison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K A","family":"Hamby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, University of 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