{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T04:11:39Z","timestamp":1791951099404,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]],"date-time":"2022-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658793600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Citrus Research and Development Fund","award":["20-002C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-002C"]}]},{"name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture Current Research Information System","award":["FLA-CRC-005788"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FLA-CRC-005788"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Hibiscus mealybug (Nipaecoccus viridis, Newstead) is an emerging and serious pest of citrus in Florida. Preventing the spread of hibiscus mealybug by sanitizing personnel and equipment such as individual protective covers can help limit new infestations. Two mealybug life stages, first instars (crawlers) and eggs inside ovisacs, were tested as they are the most likely to be accidentally transported on people and tools. Isopropanol sprays in 3 commercially available concentrations (50%, 70%, and 90%) were tested against crawlers and ovisacs, and steam treatments and hot water immersion were tested against ovisacs. All concentrations of isopropanol resulted in\u2005&amp;gt;90% incapacitation of mealybug crawlers, especially when two sprays of isopropanol were applied. However, no concentration of isopropanol reliably killed all mealybug eggs within ovisacs. Steam treatments and hot water immersion for 10 min or longer at 49\u00b0C and for 5 min or longer at 54.5\u00b0C resulted in 100% mortality of mealybug adults and eggs inside ovisacs. However, adults and ovisacs insulated inside of individual protective covers did not experience 100% mortality until 30 min or longer at 49\u00b0C, 10 min or longer at 54.5\u00b0C, and 5 min or longer at 60\u00b0C for steam treatments. Isopropanol sprays can effectively incapacitate the majority of hibiscus mealybug crawlers on personnel and tools, but are not effective against ovisacs. Steam treatments and hot water immersion can reliably lead to 100% mortality of ovisacs, but longer times and higher temperatures must be used for steam treatments if ovisacs are insulated by equipment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toac111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]],"date-time":"2022-07-26T17:49:18Z","timestamp":1658857758000},"page":"1592-1600","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Sanitizing Equipment and Personnel to Prevent the Spread of Hibiscus Mealybug [<i>Nipaecoccus viridis<\/i> (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)] in Florida Citrus"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"115","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3225-8124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric G","family":"Middleton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology and Nematology, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida , 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL 33850 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2942-2066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren M","family":"Diepenbrock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology and Nematology, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida , 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL 33850 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022101208565027400_CIT0001","volume-title":"Individual Protective Covers (IPCs) for young tree protection from the HLB vector, the Asian Citrus Psyllid. HS1425","author":"Alferez","year":"2021"},{"key":"2022101208565027400_CIT0002","first-page":"89","article-title":"Citrus pests in the Republic of South Africa","volume":"391","author":"Cilliers","year":"1978","journal-title":"Sci. Bull. Dep. Agric. Tech. Serv. Repub. South Africa"},{"key":"2022101208565027400_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.3733\/ca.v060n01p31","article-title":"New controls investigated for vine mealybug","volume":"60","author":"Daane","year":"2006","journal-title":"Calif. Agric"},{"key":"2022101208565027400_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/jipm\/pmaa004","article-title":"First report of Nipaecoccus viridis (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) associated with citrus production in the United States","volume":"11","author":"Diepenbrock","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Integr. Pest Manag"},{"key":"2022101208565027400_CIT0005","first-page":"1","article-title":"Citrus pest quick guide: Lebbeck Mealybug","volume":"2020","author":"Diepenbrock","year":"2020","journal-title":"Edis"},{"key":"2022101208565027400_CIT0006","volume-title":"Effectiveness of alcohol as a do-it-yourself treatment to combat the bed bug, Cimex lectularius","author":"Fergurson","year":"2015"},{"key":"2022101208565027400_CIT0007","article-title":"Mealybugs. UC IPM","volume-title":"Univ. Calif. Ag. Nat. Res. Extension Publication","author":"Flint","year":"2016"},{"key":"2022101208565027400_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/97.4.1263","article-title":"Generic vapor heat treatments to control Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae)","volume":"97","author":"Follett","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2022101208565027400_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02980445","article-title":"Management strategies of mealybug pests of citrus in Mediterranean countries","volume":"32","author":"Franco","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phytoparasitica"},{"key":"2022101208565027400_CIT0010","first-page":"1","article-title":"Greenhouse and nursery sanitation. Tools, equipment, workers, and visitors","author":"Galanti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Coll. Trop. Agric. Hum. Resour. Univ. Hawaii Manoa. Extension Publication OF-54"},{"key":"2022101208565027400_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-0493-93.3.1017","article-title":"Hot water treatment and insecticidal coatings for disinfesting limes of mealybugs (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae)","volume":"93","author":"Gould","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2022101208565027400_CIT0012","volume-title":"Mealybugs on ornamentals","author":"Hale","year":"2003"},{"key":"2022101208565027400_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1080\/09670874.2011.590241","article-title":"History and use of heat in pest control: A review","volume":"57","author":"Hansen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Pest Manag"},{"key":"2022101208565027400_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.17660\/ActaHortic.2013.973.4","article-title":"Heat as a sustainable postharvest disinfestation treatment for export horticultural crops","volume":"973","author":"Hara","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Hortic"},{"key":"2022101208565027400_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-5214(95)00024-0","article-title":"Postharvest heat treatment of red ginger flowers as a possible alternative to chemical insecticidal dip","volume":"7","author":"Hara","year":"1996","journal-title":"Postharvest Biol. Technol"},{"key":"2022101208565027400_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-0493-98.4.1109","article-title":"Hot-water treatments for control of Planococcus ficus (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) on dormant grape cuttings","volume":"98","author":"Haviland","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2022101208565027400_CIT0017","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mealybugs on Orchids","author":"Johnson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Staug Orchid Soc"},{"key":"2022101208565027400_CIT0018","first-page":"1","article-title":"Aphids and their control on orchids","author":"Johnson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Staug Orchid Soc"},{"key":"2022101208565027400_CIT0019","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mealybugs on houseplants","volume-title":"Insect Diagnostic Lab Factsheet","author":"Klass","year":"2012"},{"key":"2022101208565027400_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-5214(95)00002-N","article-title":"Hot-water immersion for disinfestation of lightbrown apple moth (Epiphyas postvittana) and longtailed mealy bug (Pseudococcus longispinus) on persimmons","volume":"6","author":"Lester","year":"1995","journal-title":"Postharvest Biol. Technol"},{"key":"2022101208565027400_CIT0021","volume-title":"R: a language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team.","year":"2022"},{"key":"2022101208565027400_CIT0022","article-title":"2021\u20132022 Florida citrus production guide: Citrus Under Protective Screen (CUPS) production systems, pp. 111\u2013113","volume-title":"2021\u20132022 Florida Citrus Production Guide. UF IFAS Extension","author":"Schumann","year":"2021"},{"key":"2022101208565027400_CIT0023","first-page":"1","article-title":"A review on the biology, ecology and control of Nipaecoccus viridis (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae)","volume":"18","author":"Sharaf","year":"1987","journal-title":"Mischellaneous Publ. Entomol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2022101208565027400_CIT0024","first-page":"19","article-title":"Studies on control of pomegranate butterfly, Virachola isocrates Rabricius","volume":"46","author":"Shevale","year":"1994","journal-title":"Plant Prot. Bull"},{"key":"2022101208565027400_CIT0025","volume-title":"Generalized linear mixed models using \u2018AD Model Builder\u2019. R package version 0.8.3.3","author":"Skaug","year":"2016"},{"key":"2022101208565027400_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1079\/9781845932527.0000","volume-title":"Heat treatment for postharvest pest control: theory and practice","author":"Tang","year":"2007"},{"key":"2022101208565027400_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1094\/PHYTO-04-20-0152-R","article-title":"Assessment of the effect of thermotherapy on \u2018Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus\u2019 viability in woody tissue of citrus via graft-based assays and RNA assays","volume":"111","author":"Thapa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytopath"},{"key":"2022101208565027400_CIT0028","first-page":"152","article-title":"The likelihood and consequences of introduction of the spherical mealybug, Nipaecoccus viridis (Newstead), into Florida, and its potential effect on citrus production","volume":"121","author":"Thomas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Florida State Hortic. Soc"},{"key":"2022101208565027400_CIT0029","volume-title":"USDA Treatment manual","author":"(USDA) United States Department of Agriculture.","year":"2021"},{"key":"2022101208565027400_CIT0030","volume-title":"Grapevine leafroll virus and mealybug prevention and management in Oregon Vineyards","author":"Walton","year":"2009"},{"key":"2022101208565027400_CIT0031","first-page":"1","article-title":"Insects and related pests of house plants. How to control them","volume":"67","author":"Webb","year":"1978","journal-title":"Home Gard. Bull"}],"container-title":["Journal of Economic Entomology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jee\/article-pdf\/115\/5\/1592\/46441228\/toac111.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jee\/article-pdf\/115\/5\/1592\/46441228\/toac111.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]],"date-time":"2022-10-12T10:47:29Z","timestamp":1665571649000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jee\/article\/115\/5\/1592\/6650260"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Hannah","family":"Burrack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jee\/toac111","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-0493","1938-291X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-0493","type":"print"},{"value":"1938-291X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]]}}}