{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T11:23:57Z","timestamp":1772882637938,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]],"date-time":"2024-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730419200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>This study investigated how management strategies influence resistance profiles in German cockroach (Blattella germanica (L.)) populations and their impact on the performance of commercial gel baits containing fipronil, imidacloprid, and indoxacarb. Field populations from premises managed under 3 different strategies: Baiting, random insecticide (RI) used, and insecticide rotation (IR) were tested. Almost all populations under RI and IR were resistant to deltamethrin, but low to moderate resistance was observed under the Baiting approach. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450) were involved in deltamethrin resistance in these resistant populations. All individuals under Baiting and RI were homozygous for the L993F mutation, but the populations under IR lacked homozygous-resistant individuals. Eighty-three percent of field populations with complete homozygosity for the Rdl mutation displayed low mortality upon exposure to 3\u00d7 LD95 fipronil. The effect of P450 and the Rdl mutation conferred high fipronil resistance in populations under the Baiting approach, recording moderate performance indices (PI) of 44\u201367 in fipronil bait. By contrast, those populations under RI and IR, in which involve glutathione S-transferases in fipronil resistance, had high PIs of 78\u201393. Almost 80% of populations exhibited over 90% mortality at 3\u00d7 LD95 indoxacarb treatment, accompanied by high PIs of 90\u2013100 in indoxacarb bait. Partial mortality from 1\u00d7 LD95 imidacloprid occurred across all field populations due to the involvement of P450. PIs of imidacloprid bait ranged 5\u201357 and 20\u201394 in populations under RI and IR, respectively. Field populations demonstrate different resistance profiles depending on the treatment regimes, and the resistance mechanisms involved influenced gel bait\u2019s effectiveness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toae252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]],"date-time":"2024-11-01T12:31:28Z","timestamp":1730464288000},"page":"307-319","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Characterization of insecticide resistance and their mechanisms in field populations of the German cockroach (Blattodea: Ectobiidae) in Taiwan under different treatment regimes"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"118","author":[{"given":"Panida","family":"Kruaysawat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University , Taichung ,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mei-Er","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University , Taichung ,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4332-9628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shao-Hung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, University of California , Riverside, CA,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8279-4104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chow-Yang","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, University of California , Riverside, CA,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0330-1493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kok-Boon","family":"Neoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University , Taichung ,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2025021218472027300_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2167","DOI":"10.1603\/ec13119","article-title":"Detection of the A302S Rdl mutation in fipronil bait-selected strains of the German cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae)","volume":"106","author":"Ang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Econ Entomol"},{"key":"2025021218472027300_CIT0002","first-page":"213","article-title":"Management using baits","volume-title":"Biology and management of the German cockroach","author":"Appel","year":"2021"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025021218472027300_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1653\/024.105.0203","article-title":"Toxicity, repellency, and laboratory performance of consumer bait products for German cockroach (Blattodea: Ectobiidae) management","volume":"105","author":"Appel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fla Entomol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025021218472027300_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1017\/S000748532100050X","article-title":"Characterization of the pyrethroid resistance mechanisms in a Blattella germanica (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) strain from Buenos Aires, Argentina","volume":"112","author":"Bone","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bull Entomol Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025021218472027300_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1603\/ec09284","article-title":"Insecticide resistance profiles and synergism in field populations of the German cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) from Singapore","volume":"103","author":"Chai","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Econ Entomol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025021218472027300_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2295","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toz120","article-title":"Pervasive resistance to pyrethroids in German cockroaches (Blattodea: Ectobiidae) related to lack of efficacy of total release foggers","volume":"112","author":"Devries","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Econ Entomol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025021218472027300_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/s0965-1748(96)00082-3","article-title":"A single amino acid change in the para sodium channel protein is associated with knockdown-resistance (kdr) to pyrethroid insecticides in German cockroach","volume":"27","author":"Dong","year":"1997","journal-title":"Insect Biochem Mol Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025021218472027300_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/59.6.1374","article-title":"Influence of repellency on the efficacy of blatticides. 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