{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:24:54Z","timestamp":1787009094517,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Conservation biological control in agriculture primarily relies on avoiding pesticides that may harm key natural enemies. In temperate tree fruit crops, the European earwig, Forficula auricularia (L.) has only recently become appreciated as an important predator of economic pests, particularly woolly aphids and pear psylla. Therefore, the non-target effects of orchard pesticides on earwigs are largely understudied. This is particularly true for herbicides, which earwigs are likely to be exposed to due to their foraging behavior moving between the canopy and the ground cover. We tested residues of formulated pesticides (8 insecticides and 7 herbicides) commonly used in tree fruit crops for lethal and sublethal (movement, predation rate) effects on adult female earwigs. Two herbicides, paraquat and glufosinate, and one insecticide, spinetoram, were acutely toxic to earwigs within 72 h. No tested pesticides altered earwigs\u2019 movement or resting behavior compared to the control. The insecticides spinosad and cyantraniliprole and the herbicides 2,4-D, glufosinate, halosulfuron, rimsulfuron, and oxyfluorfen reduced earwig predation on green peach aphids. Therefore, these pesticides may reduce earwig predation on pests in orchards. Our results suggest that some pesticides are of greater risk, and thus, should be carefully considered or better timed when used in tree fruit orchards where earwigs are considered for conservation or augmentative biological control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toaf012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]],"date-time":"2025-01-30T07:20:50Z","timestamp":1738221650000},"page":"541-550","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Non-target effects of insecticides and herbicides on earwigs"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"118","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2884-1410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aldo","family":"Hanel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, Washington State University , Pullman, WA ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2558-6418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louis B","family":"Nottingham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, Washington State University , Pullman, WA ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Northwestern Washington Research and Extension Center, Washington State University , Mount Vernon, WA ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobin D","family":"Northfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, Washington State University , Pullman, WA ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Washington State University , Wenatchee, WA ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6149-5375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca","family":"Schmidt-Jeffris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Temperate Tree Fruit and Vegetable Research Unit, USDA-ARS , Wapato, WA ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025042713470957200_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.3390\/insects14110890","article-title":"Earwig releases provide accumulative biological control of the woolly apple aphid over the years","volume":"14","author":"Alins","year":"2023","journal-title":"Insects"},{"key":"2025042713470957200_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocontrol.2016.05.009","article-title":"Pesticides used against Cydia pomonella disrupt biological control of secondary pests of apple","volume":"102","author":"Beers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. 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