{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T23:11:36Z","timestamp":1760742696581,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr., in eastern Canada is under threat from the invasive hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae Annand (Hemiptera: Adelgidae). Early detection is a key feature to the management of A. tsugae because the impacts of this pest accrue quickly due to its bivoltine life cycle, and treatments can take a year or more to become effective. We tested a novel funnel trap design to collect the mobile first instar nymphs (crawlers) as a tool for early detection of adelgid infestations prior to host symptoms. The funnel traps performed better at detecting A. tsugae crawlers at very low abundance in a stand compared to vertically oriented sticky traps or to canopy branch tip sampling. Satisfactory detection rates for operational surveys were achieved using one or two funnel traps per site deployed for 2 wk during each of the two generations of A. tsugae and moving traps to new locations in the stand-between generations. We also optimized a protocol for extracting crawlers from trap samples, using stacked sieves (425 and 100 \u00b5m) to remove debris and retain crawlers, respectively, with the probability of detecting at least one crawler unaffected by the presence of debris. The improved trapping and extraction technique is aimed at stand-level early detection of this destructive pest and could be adapted to other similar, cryptic insect pests.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toaf140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T06:17:31Z","timestamp":1751350651000},"page":"2645-2655","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A funnel trap for the detection of hemlock woolly adelgid (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) and a method of extracting crawlers from trap samples"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"118","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5089-9569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey G","family":"Fidgen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Atlantic Forestry Centre , Fredericton, NB ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Glen","family":"Forbes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Atlantic Forestry Centre , Fredericton, NB ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucas E","family":"Roscoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Atlantic Forestry Centre , Fredericton, NB ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6686-5558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Stastny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Atlantic Forestry Centre , Fredericton, NB ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Berni M","family":"van der Meer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Atlantic Forestry Centre , Fredericton, NB ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Ogden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources , Shubenacadie East, NS ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Atlantic Forestry Centre , Fredericton, NB ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025101718564608600_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e93203","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0093203","article-title":"Design factors that influence the performance of flight and intercept traps for the capture of longhorned beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) from the subfamilies Lamiinae and Cerambycinae","volume":"9","author":"Allison","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025101718564608600_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/77.5.1154","article-title":"Seasonal history of the balsam woolly adelgid (Homoptera: Adelgidae) in natural stands and plantations of Fraser fir","volume":"77","author":"Arthur","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2025101718564608600_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e24587","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0024587","article-title":"Economic impacts of non-native forest insects in the continental United States","volume":"6","author":"Aukema","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025101718564608600_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1890\/12-0616.1","article-title":"Future species composition will affect forest water use after loss of eastern hemlock from southern Appalachian forests","volume":"23","author":"Brantley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl"},{"year":"2024","author":"Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA)","key":"2025101718564608600_CIT0005"},{"key":"2025101718564608600_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0302823","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0302823","article-title":"Forest carbon sequestration on the west coast, USA: Role of species, productivity, and stockability","volume":"19","author":"Chisholm","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"volume-title":"Standardizing sampling for detection and monitoring of the hemlock woolly adelgid in eastern hemlock forests","year":"2006","author":"Costa","key":"2025101718564608600_CIT0007"},{"key":"2025101718564608600_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1890\/1540-9295(2005)003[0479:lofscf]2.0.co;2","article-title":"Loss of foundation species: consequences for the structure and dynamics of forested ecosystems","volume":"3","author":"Ellison","year":"2005","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Environ"},{"key":"2025101718564608600_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2041-210X.2010.00025.x","article-title":"Experimentally testing the role of foundation species in forests: the Harvard Forest hemlock removal experiment","volume":"1","author":"Ellison","year":"2010","journal-title":"Methods Ecol. Evol"},{"key":"2025101718564608600_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/f7010009","article-title":"Foundation species loss and biodiversity of the herbaceous layer in New England Forests","volume":"7","author":"Ellison","year":"2015","journal-title":"Forests"},{"key":"2025101718564608600_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.3390\/insects9040172","article-title":"The past, present, and future of the hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae) and its ecological interactions with eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) forests","volume":"9","author":"Ellison","year":"2018","journal-title":"Insects"},{"key":"2025101718564608600_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2019.04.056","article-title":"A decision framework for hemlock woolly adelgid management: review of the most suitable strategies and tactics for eastern Canada","volume":"444","author":"Emilson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Forest Ecol. Manag"},{"key":"2025101718564608600_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0418.2006.01121.x","article-title":"The tree crown distribution of hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) from randomized branch sampling","volume":"131","author":"Evans","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Entomol"},{"key":"2025101718564608600_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.4039\/tce.2018.50","article-title":"Factors affecting Velcro-covered balls when used as a sampling device for wool of Adelges tsugae (Hemiptera: Adelgidae)","volume":"151","author":"Fidgen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can. Entomol"},{"key":"2025101718564608600_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toz257","article-title":"Sticky traps as an early detection tool for crawlers of Adelges tsugae (Hemiptera: Adelgidae)","volume":"113","author":"Fidgen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2025101718564608600_CIT0016","article-title":".","volume-title":"Reference document on forecasting spruce budworm infestations","author":"Hartling","year":"1994"},{"key":"2025101718564608600_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1093\/forestscience\/56.6.529","article-title":"Value impacts of hemlock woolly adelgid in residential forests","volume":"56","author":"Holmes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Forest Sci"},{"key":"2025101718564608600_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e02861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gecco.2024.e02861","article-title":"Predicting potential occurrence of Adelges tsugae (Homoptera: Adelgidae) on a global scale under climate change scenarios using maximum entropy model","volume":"50","author":"Jeong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Global Ecol. Conserv"},{"key":"2025101718564608600_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1002\/edn3.317","article-title":"Sensitive environmental DNA (eDNA) methods to detect hemlock woolly adelgid and its biological control predators Leucotaraxis silver flies and a Laricobius beetle","volume":"4","author":"Kirtane","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environmental DNA"},{"key":"2025101718564608600_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2027","DOI":"10.2307\/2265698","article-title":"Dispersal data and the spread of invading organisms","volume":"77","author":"Kot","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"2025101718564608600_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.4236\/jsea.2014.76046","article-title":"Resampling simulator for the probability of detecting invasive species in large populations","volume":"7","author":"Legg","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Softw. Eng. Appl"},{"year":"2023","author":"Lenth","key":"2025101718564608600_CIT0021"},{"key":"2025101718564608600_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1656\/058.013.s609","article-title":"Potential social and economic impacts of the hemlock woolly adelgid in southern New England","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Southeast. Nat"},{"key":"2025101718564608600_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107354. 14 pages","DOI":"10.1016\/ j.ecolecon.2022.107354","article-title":"Property value effects of the hemlock woolly adelgid infestation in New England, U.S.A","volume":"194","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ"},{"key":"2025101718564608600_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.4039\/ent115299-3","article-title":"A multiple funnel trap for scolytid beetles (Coleoptera)","volume":"115","author":"Lindgren","year":"1983","journal-title":"Can. Entomol"},{"key":"2025101718564608600_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toae116","article-title":"Environmental DNA assays for Laricobius beetles (Coleoptera: Derodontidae), bicontrol agents of the hemlock woolly adelgid in North America","volume":"117","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2025101718564608600_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5558\/tfc79462-3","article-title":"The Acadian Forest: historical condition and human impacts","volume":"79","author":"Loo","year":"2003","journal-title":"For. Chron"},{"key":"2025101718564608600_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/ j.cris.2024.100077","article-title":"Effect of a severe cold spell on overwintering survival of an invasive forest insect pest","volume":"5","author":"MacQuarrie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cur. Res. Insect Sci"},{"key":"2025101718564608600_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.07.18.604084","article-title":"(preprint). The distribution of the hemlock woolly adelgids in Canada","volume":"157","author":"MacQuarrie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Canadian Entomol."},{"key":"2025101718564608600_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105308. 24 pages","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocontrol.2023.105308","article-title":"Biological control of hemlock woolly adelgid in North America: History, status, and outlook","volume":"185","author":"Mayfield","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol. Control"},{"key":"2025101718564608600_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1093\/ee\/6.6.789","article-title":"Population dynamics of the red pine scale, Matsucoccus resinosae (Homoptera: Margarodidae): the influence of resinosis","volume":"6","author":"McClure","year":"1977","journal-title":"Environ. Entomol"},{"volume-title":"Biology and control of hemlock woolly adelgid","year":"1987","author":"McClure","key":"2025101718564608600_CIT0032"},{"key":"2025101718564608600_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1093\/ee\/19.1.36","article-title":"Role of wind, birds, deer, and humans in the dispersal of hemlock woolly adelgid (Homoptera: Adelgidae)","volume":"19","author":"McClure","year":"1990","journal-title":"Environ. Entomol"},{"key":"2025101718564608600_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1093\/ee\/20.1.258","article-title":"Density-dependent feedback and population cycles in Adelges tsugae (Homoptera: Adelgidae) on Tsuga canadensis","volume":"20","author":"McClure","year":"1991","journal-title":"Environ. Entomol"},{"year":"1971","author":"Miller","key":"2025101718564608600_CIT0035"},{"key":"2025101718564608600_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.5558\/tfc2023-024","article-title":"Applying three decades of research to mitigate the impacts of hemlock woolly adelgid on Ontario\u2019s forests","volume":"99","author":"Parker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Forest. Chron"},{"key":"2025101718564608600_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1656\/058.013.s604","article-title":"Hemlock woolly adelgid in the eastern United States: What have we Learned","volume":"13","author":"Preisser","year":"2014","journal-title":"Southeast. Nat"},{"year":"2023","author":"R Core Team","key":"2025101718564608600_CIT0038"},{"key":"2025101718564608600_CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530-019-02156-w","article-title":"The early detection of and rapid response (EDRR) to invasive species: a conceptual framework and federal capacities assessment","volume":"22","author":"Reaser","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Invasions"},{"key":"2025101718564608600_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2009.07.002","article-title":"Response of arthropod biodiversity to foundation species declines: The case of the eastern hemlock","volume":"258","author":"Rohr","year":"2009","journal-title":"Forest Ecol. Manag"},{"key":"2025101718564608600_CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530-019-01918-w","article-title":"Spring bird migration as a dispersal mechanism for the hemlock woolly adelgid","volume":"21","author":"Russo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Invasions"},{"key":"2025101718564608600_CIT0042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toac175","article-title":"Development of novel early detection technology for hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae (Hemiptera: Adelgidae)","volume":"116","author":"Sanders","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2025101718564608600_CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.5558\/tfc79485-3","article-title":"Presettlement forest in southern Ontario: Ecosystems measured through a cultural prism","volume":"79","author":"Snuffling","year":"2003","journal-title":"Forest. Chron"},{"key":"2025101718564608600_CIT0044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3135","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530-010-9704-0","article-title":"The aftermath of an invasion: Structure and composition of Central Appalachian hemlock forests following establishment of the hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae","volume":"12","author":"Spaulding","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol. Invasions"},{"key":"2025101718564608600_CIT0045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530-013-0423-1","article-title":"Indirect effects of an invasive exotic species on a long-distance migratory songbird","volume":"15","author":"Stodola","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. Invasions"},{"key":"2025101718564608600_CIT0046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.12.005","article-title":"Low-level Adelges tsugae infestation detection in New England through partition modeling of Landsat data","volume":"190","author":"Williams","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"2025101718564608600_CIT0047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1139\/z2012-065","article-title":"Scale-dependent drivers of ungulate patch use along a temporal and spatial gradient of snow depth","volume":"90","author":"Witt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can. J. Zool"},{"year":"2000","author":"Yamasaki","article-title":"Wildlife habitat associations in eastern hemlock \u2013 Birds, smaller mammals, and forest carnivores","key":"2025101718564608600_CIT0048"},{"key":"2025101718564608600_CIT0049","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-87458-6","volume-title":"Mixed effects models and extensions in ecology with R","author":"Zuur","year":"2009"}],"container-title":["Journal of Economic Entomology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jee\/article-pdf\/118\/5\/2645\/63634146\/toaf140.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jee\/article-pdf\/118\/5\/2645\/63634146\/toaf140.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T22:56:55Z","timestamp":1760741815000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jee\/article\/118\/5\/2645\/8179854"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Christopher","family":"Fettig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jee\/toaf140","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-0493","1938-291X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0022-0493"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1938-291X"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]}}}