{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T08:50:07Z","timestamp":1780476607245,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758672000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"UCR Urban Entomology Endowed Chair Research Fund"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Over-the-counter (OTC) insecticide products are popular, easily available, and inexpensive do-it-yourself options for home residents. In this study, we investigated the performance of OTC insecticides consisting of bait and spray products against susceptible and field-collected strains of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.) (Blattodea: Ectobiidae) using several test methods. In open arena bioassays, all OTC baits tested were ineffective on field-collected German cockroaches. The least effective OTC bait was unable to kill all test cockroaches of any strains at 14 d post-treatment. Direct spray experiments demonstrated that cockroaches treated with pyrethroid spray registered significantly shorter mean knockdown times when compared to that of the natural product. On the other hand, the natural product spray caused significantly shorter mean survival time in test insects than the pyrethroid spray (&amp;lt;1 h vs. &amp;gt;1 d). The residual efficacy of spray deposits was evaluated in the Ebeling choice box and revealed that all sprays have poor residual performance against field-collected German cockroach strains. Insecticide resistance and potential avoidance behavior may have contributed to the low performance index (PI) values of pyrethroid-based sprays, as cockroaches may have survived initial contact and subsequently avoided treated surfaces. Conversely, natural product spray deposits exhibited negative PI values for most of the study period due to spatial repellency. In general, the performance of OTC insecticide products was lower on field-collected German cockroach strains than on the susceptible strain. These products are likely ineffective at controlling the German cockroach infestations in homes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toaf248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,30]],"date-time":"2025-08-30T12:01:00Z","timestamp":1756555260000},"page":"3146-3156","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Ineffectiveness of over-the-counter bait and aerosol insecticide products against field-collected German cockroaches (Blattodea: Ectobiidae)"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"118","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5232-9636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rattanan","family":"Chungsawat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside , Riverside, CA,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2622-3862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong-Hwan","family":"Choe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside , Riverside, CA,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1601-025X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael K","family":"Rust","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside , Riverside, CA,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8279-4104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chow-Yang","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside , Riverside, CA,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121120164785300_toaf248-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/83.1.135a","article-title":"Laboratory and field performance of consumer bait products for German cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) control","volume":"83","author":"Appel","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2025121120164785300_toaf248-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/85.4.1176","article-title":"Performance of gel and paste bait products for German cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) control: laboratory and field studies","volume":"85","author":"Appel","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2025121120164785300_toaf248-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-0493-96.3.863","article-title":"Laboratory and field performance of an indoxacarb bait against German cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae)","volume":"96","author":"Appel","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2025121120164785300_toaf248-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/97.6.2035","article-title":"Contamination affects the performance of insecticidal baits against German cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae)","volume":"97","author":"Appel","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2025121120164785300_toaf248-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1653\/024.105.0203","article-title":"Toxicity, repellency, and laboratory performance of consumer bait products for German cockroach (Blattodea: Ectobiidae) management","volume":"105","author":"Appel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fla. Entomol"},{"key":"2025121120164785300_toaf248-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/84.4.1247","article-title":"Pyrethroid resistance and synergism in a field strain of the German cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae)","volume":"84","author":"Atkinson","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2025121120164785300_toaf248-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s13744-019-00739-9","article-title":"Spatial repellency caused by volatile pyrethroids is olfactory-mediated in the German cockroach Blattella germanica (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae)","volume":"49","author":"Bon\u00e9","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neotrop. Entomol"},{"key":"2025121120164785300_toaf248-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-0493-94.3.680","article-title":"Method of insecticide delivery affects horizontal transfer of fipronil in the German cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae)","volume":"94","author":"Buczkowski","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2025121120164785300_toaf248-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8561","article-title":"National prevalence and exposure risk for cockroach allergen in U.S. households","volume":"114","author":"Cohn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect"},{"key":"2025121120164785300_toaf248-B10","first-page":"85","article-title":"Survey of attitudes of apartment residents to cockroaches and cockroach control","volume":"49","author":"Davies","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Environ. Health"},{"key":"2025121120164785300_toaf248-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-6371-z","article-title":"Exposure risks and ineffectiveness of total release foggers (TRFs) used for cockroach control in residential settings","volume":"19","author":"DeVries","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2025121120164785300_toaf248-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2295","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toz120","article-title":"Pervasive resistance to pyrethroids in German cockroaches (Blattodea: Ectobiidae) related to lack of efficacy of total release foggers","volume":"112","author":"DeVries","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2025121120164785300_toaf248-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1653\/024.096.0339","article-title":"Pest control practices for the German cockroach (Blattodea: Blattellidae): a survey of rural residents in North Carolina","volume":"96","author":"Dingha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fla. Entomol"},{"key":"2025121120164785300_toaf248-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed4010014","article-title":"Nosocomial pathogens: an in-depth analysis of the vectorial potential of cockroaches","volume":"4","author":"Donkor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"2025121120164785300_toaf248-B15","first-page":"113","author":"Durier","year":"1999"},{"key":"2025121120164785300_toaf248-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2915.2000.00259.x","article-title":"Comparisons of toxic baits for controlling the cockroach, Blattella germanica: attractiveness and feeding stimulation","volume":"14","author":"Durier","year":"2000","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol"},{"key":"2025121120164785300_toaf248-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/59.6.1374","article-title":"Influence of repellency on the efficacy of blatticides. I. Learned modification of behavior of the German cockroach","volume":"59","author":"Ebeling","year":"1966","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2025121120164785300_toaf248-B18","volume-title":"40 CFR 152.25\u2014Exemptions for pesticides of a character not requiring FIFRA regulation","author":"Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)","year":"2022"},{"key":"2025121120164785300_toaf248-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.7774","article-title":"Behavioral responses of field-collected German cockroaches to pyrethroids and pyrethroid-formulated insecticides","volume":"80","author":"Gaire","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci"},{"key":"2025121120164785300_toaf248-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2016.03.045","article-title":"Evaluation of sublethal effects of polymer-based essential oils nanoformulation on the German cockroach","volume":"130","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf"},{"key":"2025121120164785300_toaf248-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2051","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toae158","article-title":"Common consumer residual insecticides lack efficacy against insecticide-susceptible and resistant populations of the German cockroach (Blattodea: Ectobiidae). Rust M, editor","volume":"117","author":"Gordon","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2025121120164785300_toaf248-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toae291","article-title":"Laboratory and in-home evaluations of consumer- and professional-grade cockroach baits","volume":"118","author":"Gordon","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2025121120164785300_toaf248-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-0493-97.2.581","article-title":"Laboratory evaluation of boric acid-sugar solutions as baits for management of German cockroach infestations","volume":"97","author":"Gore","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2025121120164785300_toaf248-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2004.12.006","article-title":"Inner City Asthma Study: relationships among sensitivity, allergen exposure, and asthma morbidity","volume":"115","author":"Gruchalla","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol"},{"key":"2025121120164785300_toaf248-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2171","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toaa162","article-title":"Screening of the repellent activity of 12 essential oils against adult German cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae): preparation of a sustained release repellent agent of binary oil-\u03b3-CD and its repellency in a small container","volume":"113","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2025121120164785300_toaf248-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.5656\/ksae.2015.10.0.056","article-title":"Insecticidal activity of cinnamon essential oils, constituents, and (E)- cinnamaldehyde analogues against Metcalfa pruinosa say (Hemiptera: Flatidae) nymphs and adults","volume":"54","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Korean J. Appl. Entomol"},{"key":"2025121120164785300_toaf248-B27","first-page":"63","article-title":"Essential oils as green pesticides: potential and constraints","volume":"4","author":"Koul","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biopestic. Int"},{"key":"2025121120164785300_toaf248-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1071\/9781486312078.BK07899_ch09","volume-title":"Biology and management of the German cockroach","author":"Lee","year":"2021"},{"key":"2025121120164785300_toaf248-B29","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Biology and management of the German cockroach","author":"Lee","year":"2021"},{"key":"2025121120164785300_toaf248-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toab244","article-title":"Reduced susceptibility towards commercial bait insecticides in field German cockroach (Blattodea: Ectobiidae) populations from California","volume":"115","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2025121120164785300_toaf248-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2022.105123","article-title":"Combined metabolic and target-site resistance mechanisms confer fipronil and deltamethrin resistance in field-collected German cockroaches (Blattodea: Ectobiidae)","volume":"184","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Physiol"},{"key":"2025121120164785300_toaf248-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toae079","article-title":"Toxicity of isocycloseram, an isoxazoline insecticide, against laboratory and field-collected German cockroaches (Blattodea: Ectobiidae)","volume":"117","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2025121120164785300_toaf248-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.2183\/pjab.95.027","article-title":"Discovery and development of pyrethroid insecticides","volume":"95","author":"Matsuo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Jpn. Acad. Ser. B Phys. Biol. Sci"},{"key":"2025121120164785300_toaf248-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1071\/9781486312078.BK07899_ch13","volume-title":"Biology and management of the German cockroach","author":"Miller","year":"2021"},{"key":"2025121120164785300_toaf248-B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1093\/JEE\/97.2.559","article-title":"Cost and efficacy comparison of integrated pest management strategies with monthly spray insecticide applications for German cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) control in public housing","volume":"97","author":"Miller","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2025121120164785300_toaf248-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toz302","article-title":"Quantifying the efficacy of an assessment-based pest management (APM) program for German cockroach (L.) (Blattodea: Blattellidae) control in low-income public housing units","volume":"113","author":"Miller","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2025121120164785300_toaf248-B37","author":"Mota-Sanchez","year":"2024"},{"key":"2025121120164785300_toaf248-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-0493-94.3.686","article-title":"Attractiveness of insecticide baits for cockroach control (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae): laboratory and field studies","volume":"94","author":"Nalyanya","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2025121120164785300_toaf248-B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toac083","article-title":"Essential oils in urban insect management \u2013 a review","volume":"115","author":"Oladipupo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2025121120164785300_toaf248-B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1787\/6661a35c-en","volume-title":"Guidance document on assays for testing the efficacy of baits against cockroaches","author":"Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)","year":"2013"},{"key":"2025121120164785300_toaf248-B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1603\/EC09192","article-title":"Topical toxicity of essential oils to the German cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae)","volume":"103","author":"Phillips","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2025121120164785300_toaf248-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195064957.003.0010","volume-title":"Understanding and controlling the German cockroach","author":"Reierson","year":"1995"},{"key":"2025121120164785300_toaf248-B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199705083361904","article-title":"The role of cockroach allergy and exposure to cockroach allergen in causing morbidity among inner-city children with asthma","volume":"336","author":"Rosenstreich","year":"1997","journal-title":"N Engl. J. Med"},{"key":"2025121120164785300_toaf248-B44","first-page":"148","volume-title":"Proceedings of the tenth international conference of urban pests","author":"Rust","year":"2022"},{"key":"2025121120164785300_toaf248-B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/71.4.704","article-title":"Comparison of the laboratory and field efficacy of insecticides used for German cockroach Control1","volume":"71","author":"Rust","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2025121120164785300_toaf248-B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/86.4.1124","article-title":"Relationship between insecticide resistance and performance in choice tests of field-collected German cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae)","volume":"86","author":"Rust","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2025121120164785300_toaf248-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1071\/9781486312078.BK07899_ch02","volume-title":"Biology and management of the German cockroach","author":"Schal","year":"2021"},{"key":"2025121120164785300_toaf248-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1071\/9781486312078.BK07899_ch11","volume-title":"Biology and management of the German cockroach","author":"Scharf","year":"2021"},{"key":"2025121120164785300_toaf248-B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2118","DOI":"10.1603\/ec09415","article-title":"Comparative toxicity and repellency of microencapsulated and other liquid insecticide formulations to the German cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae)","volume":"103","author":"Sims","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2025121120164785300_toaf248-B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/86.5.1458","article-title":"Oral toxicity and repellency of borates to German cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae)","volume":"86","author":"Strong","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2025121120164785300_toaf248-B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/57.6.1007","article-title":"An electric barrier for confining cockroaches in large rearing or field collecting cans","volume":"57","author":"Wagner","year":"1964","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2025121120164785300_toaf248-B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-007-9064-6","article-title":"Survey of pest infestation, asthma, and allergy in low-income housing","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Community Health"},{"key":"2025121120164785300_toaf248-B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toy307","article-title":"Residents attitudes and home sanitation predict presence of German cockroaches (Blattodea: Ectobiidae) in apartments for low-income senior residents","volume":"112","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2025121120164785300_toaf248-B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.2780050518","article-title":"Factors which influence the knockdown effect of insecticide products","volume":"5","author":"Wickham","year":"1974","journal-title":"Pestic. Sci"},{"key":"2025121120164785300_toaf248-B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1584\/jpestics.G07-30","article-title":"Repellent activity of citrus oils against the cockroaches Blattella germanica, Periplaneta americana and P. fuliginosa","volume":"34","author":"Yoon","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pestic. Sci"},{"key":"2025121120164785300_toaf248-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1201\/b18164","volume-title":"The toxicology and biochemistry of insecticides","author":"Yu","year":"2014","edition":"2nd"}],"container-title":["Journal of Economic Entomology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jee\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jee\/toaf248\/64377253\/toaf248.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jee\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jee\/toaf248\/64377253\/toaf248.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T01:16:55Z","timestamp":1765502215000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jee\/article\/118\/6\/3146\/8263196"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Arthur","family":"Appel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jee\/toaf248","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-0493","1938-291X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-0493","type":"print"},{"value":"1938-291X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]]}}}