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This study investigated the effect of thermal acclimation during developmental on the sensitivity of Mythimna separata (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to emamectin benzoate (EB). Larvae were reared under cyclic thermal regimes (25\u219234\/38\u219225\u2009\u00b0C), experiencing daily high-temperature exposures of 2, 4, or 6\u2009hours from the egg stage. Continuous fluctuating high-temperature exposure did not have a detrimental effect on the life-history traits of M. separata but substantially increased its sensitivity to EB. Daily 6-hour exposure to either 34\u2009\u00b0C or 38\u2009\u00b0C significantly increased LC10 EB-induced mortality and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels compared to constant 25\u2009\u00b0C. Increasing thermal intensity progressively suppressed the levels of heat shock proteins (MsHsp70 and MsHsp90) and the enzymatic activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione-S-transferase in the EB-exposed larvae. A pronounced temperature-dependent increase in cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) activity accompanied this suppression, suggesting an adaptive metabolic response that could accelerate the development of EB resistance under climate warming scenarios. Thus, thermal acclimation during insect development increases EB toxicity, potentially through ROS accumulation caused by inhibiting heat shock proteins and antioxidant enzymes. These findings demonstrate that fluctuating thermal conditions amplify EB toxicity and underscore the potential role of P450s in long-term resistance to global temperature increases. This study guides the development of climate-adaptive pesticide applications and region-specific integrated pest management strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toaf277","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T12:11:44Z","timestamp":1759234304000},"page":"196-207","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["High-temperature acclimation during development modulates efficacy of emamectin benzoate against\n                    <i>Mythimna separata<\/i>\n                    (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"119","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4692-379X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guizhou Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosecurity, Institute of Entomology and Institute of Plant Health and Medicine, Guizhou University , Guiyang, Guizhou 550025,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dandan","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, Shaanxi 712100,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun-Hua","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guizhou Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosecurity, Institute of Entomology and Institute of Plant Health and Medicine, Guizhou University , Guiyang, Guizhou 550025,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan-Rong","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guizhou Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosecurity, Institute of Entomology and Institute of Plant Health and Medicine, Guizhou University , Guiyang, Guizhou 550025,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7653-790X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed-Husne","family":"Mobarak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guizhou Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosecurity, Institute of Entomology and Institute of Plant Health and Medicine, Guizhou University , Guiyang, Guizhou 550025,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xing-Lin","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guizhou Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosecurity, Institute of Entomology and Institute of Plant Health and Medicine, Guizhou University , Guiyang, Guizhou 550025,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7686-0686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tong-Xian","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guizhou Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosecurity, Institute of Entomology and Institute of Plant Health and Medicine, Guizhou University , Guiyang, Guizhou 550025,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026021413030378000_toaf277-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007485316001000","article-title":"Response of antioxidant enzymes in Mythimna separata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) exposed to thermal stress","volume":"107","author":"Ali","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bull. 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