{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T21:52:07Z","timestamp":1781560327414,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013209","name":"Saskatchewan Pulse Growers","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013209","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009370","name":"Western Grains Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009370","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is an increasingly important pulse crop in Western Canada, but its production is threatened by Lygus spp. (Hemiptera: Miridae), which cause pod and seed damage through piercing\u2013sucking feeding. This study examined the relationship between Lygus feeding duration, insect density, and the extent of scarring damage in faba bean seeds using complementary no-choice and electrical penetration graph (EPG) experiments. In no-choice assays, single adults of L. lineolaris and L. elisus confined to plants for 1, 3, 24, or 48\u2009h produced significantly increasing damage over time (F\u2009=\u20096.24; P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001), reaching the Canadian Grain Commission\u2019s 1% downgrading threshold after only 3\u2009h of feeding. Species did not differ in damage potential. EPG recordings of L. lineolaris feeding revealed 3 main probing waveforms: cell rupture (CR), transition (T), and ingestion (I), with nymphs spending longer in CR and I phases than adults, although waveform type, not life stage, significantly affected feeding duration. McBryde staining detected salivary deposits in a limited number of pods and seeds, primarily from males, suggesting differences in salivation behavior among life stages. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that brief feeding periods by Lygus can cause economically significant damage to faba bean seeds, highlighting the importance of monitoring pest activity and minimizing feeding duration to reduce quality losses. The integration of EPG behavioral data with seed damage assessments provides a basis for establishing feeding-time thresholds to guide faba bean pest management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toag071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T22:25:20Z","timestamp":1775082320000},"page":"1880-1887","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Small sips, big losses: measuring the feeding threshold of\n                    <i>Lygus<\/i>\n                    (Hemiptera: Miridae) on faba bean (\n                    <i>Vicia faba<\/i>\n                    ) seeds"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"119","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8288-4236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Aguiar-Cordero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Saskatchewan Department of Plant Sciences, , Saskatoon, SK,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4708-9618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sean Michael","family":"Prager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Saskatchewan Department of Plant Sciences, , Saskatoon, SK,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026061516525837900_toag071-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1139\/cjps-2024-0243","article-title":"Environmental drivers of Lygus species distribution in faba bean fields across Saskatchewan (2019\u20132023)","volume":"105","author":"Aguiar-Cordero","year":"2025","journal-title":"Can. J. Plant Sci"},{"key":"2026061516525837900_toag071-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.18474\/0749-8004-40.2.143","article-title":"Comparison of Lygus elisus Van Duzee and Lygus hesperus Knight (Hemiptera: Miridae) feeding injury to pre-bloom cotton","volume":"40","author":"Armstrong","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Entomol. Sci"},{"key":"2026061516525837900_toag071-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1603\/0013-8746(2007)100[296:LHHMFO]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Lygus hesperus (Hemiptera: Miridae) feeding on cotton: new methods and parameters for analysis of nonsequential electrical penetration graph data","volume":"100","author":"Backus","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am"},{"key":"2026061516525837900_toag071-B300","author":"Beauzay","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026061516525837900_toag071-B4","article-title":"Fababeans: determination of dockage","author":"Canadian Grain Commission","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026061516525837900_toag071-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s11829-008-9050-7","article-title":"Polygalacturonase causes lygus-like damage on plants: cloning and identification of western tarnished plant bug (Lygus hesperus) polygalacturonases secreted during feeding","volume":"2","author":"Celorio-Mancera","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arthropod-Plant Interact"},{"key":"2026061516525837900_toag071-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1093\/aesa\/saw039","article-title":"Characterization of an EPG waveform library for adult Lygus lineolaris and Lygus hesperus (Hemiptera: Miridae) feeding on cotton squares","volume":"109","author":"Cervantes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am"},{"key":"2026061516525837900_toag071-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/tox198","article-title":"Correlation of electropenetrography waveforms from Lygus lineolaris (Hemiptera: Miridae) feeding on cotton squares with chemical evidence of inducible tannins","volume":"110","author":"Cervantes","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2026061516525837900_toag071-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toz054","article-title":"Quantitative differences in feeding behavior of Lygus lineolaris (Hemiptera: Miridae) on transgenic and nontransgenic cotton","volume":"112","author":"Cervantes","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2026061516525837900_toag071-B9","author":"Cooper","year":"2010"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026061516525837900_toag071-B200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1603\/EN10149","article-title":"Laboratory Studies of Variations in Feeding Behaviors Among Lygus hesperus (Hemiptera: Miridae) of Different Gender and Reproductive States","volume":"40","author":"Cooper","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Entomol"},{"key":"2026061516525837900_toag071-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1139\/b05-166","article-title":"Feeding impact of Lygus lineolaris (Heteroptera: Miridae) on Vitis vinifera: a behavioural and histological study","volume":"84","author":"Fleury","year":"2006","journal-title":"Can. J. Bot"},{"key":"2026061516525837900_toag071-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.3390\/insects12090807","article-title":"Biology, ecology, and pest management of the tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) in southern row crops","volume":"12","author":"George","year":"2021","journal-title":"Insects"},{"key":"2026061516525837900_toag071-B12","article-title":"Growing faba bean","author":"Government of Saskatchewan","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026061516525837900_toag071-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1139\/cjps-2018-0074","article-title":"Effect of Lygus spp. and Botrytis spp. on faba bean (Vicia faba L.) seed quality\u2014are there insect\u2013pathogen interactions?","volume":"99","author":"Kaur","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can. J. 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Physiol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Economic Entomology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jee\/article-pdf\/119\/3\/1880\/67719260\/toag071.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jee\/article-pdf\/119\/3\/1880\/67719260\/toag071.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T20:53:05Z","timestamp":1781556785000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jee\/article\/119\/3\/1880\/8571781"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Tong-Xian","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jee\/toag071","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-0493","1938-291X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-0493","type":"print"},{"value":"1938-291X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]}}}