{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T23:37:03Z","timestamp":1787960223267,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Alliance"},{"name":"Bayer CropScience Inc."},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010263","name":"Pioneer Hi-Bred International Inc.","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010263","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Syngenta Canada Inc."},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100023516","name":"Manitoba Crop Alliance","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100023516","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013379","name":"Grain Farmers of Ontario","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013379","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"The Atlantic Grains Council"},{"name":"Perennia Food and Agriculture Inc."},{"name":"Centre de Recherche sur les Grains"},{"name":"Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Agribusiness"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015516","name":"Ontario Agri-Food Innovation Alliance","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015516","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Transgenic corn Zea mays (L.) producing Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal toxins (Bt corn) has successfully controlled the European corn borer Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), one of the most destructive corn pests in North America, for over 25\u2009years. However, field-evolved resistance to Cry1Fa toxin was first documented in Nova Scotia, Canada, in 2018, with subsequent detections in Quebec and Manitoba. Before these discoveries, no resistance had been reported in O. nubilalis populations to Bt toxins, despite ongoing resistance monitoring mandated by regulatory agencies. Sentinel plots monitored in Canada during 2019 to 2023 reveal the first cases of resistance in O. nubilalis populations to Cry1Ab and Cry1A.105 toxins. Laboratory bioassays of field-derived populations corroborate these findings. This study serves as a case study demonstrating the value of sentinel plots for detecting field-evolved resistance and providing critical insights into regional resistance dynamics. Enhanced surveillance, particularly in regions with low Bt corn acreage, is essential to mitigate the spread of resistance and preserve Bt corn technology. This study underscores the need for robust and integrated monitoring frameworks to sustain the efficacy of Bt crops and prevent the resurgence of a historically significant corn pest.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toag077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T12:37:28Z","timestamp":1773491848000},"page":"2224-2240","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Sentinel monitoring for resistance to Bt toxins in European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in Canada"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"119","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6747-9798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jocelyn L","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph Ridgetown Campus , Ridgetown, ON,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4651-3237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasmine","family":"Farhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph Ridgetown Campus , Ridgetown, ON,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Wells","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New Brunswick Department of Agriculture, Aquaculture and Fisheries , Sussex, NB,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caitlin","family":"Congdon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perennia Food and Agriculture Corporation , Kentville, NS,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8430-5842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julien","family":"Saguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"C\u00c9ROM, Centre de Recherche sur les Grains Inc , Saint-Mathieu-de-Beloeil, QC,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holly","family":"Byker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ontario Crops Research Centre\u2014Winchester, University of Guelph , Winchester, ON,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Gavloski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manitoba Agriculture , Carman, MB,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8242-2183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9e","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph Ridgetown Campus , Ridgetown, ON,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9469-6138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Galen","family":"Dively","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, University of Maryland , College Park, MD,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026061522553326900_toag077-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/18.2.265a","article-title":"A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide","volume":"18","author":"Abbott","year":"1925","journal-title":"J. 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