{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T21:52:07Z","timestamp":1781560327545,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","funder":[{"name":"Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service - Plant Protection Act","award":["7721: 25-8130-1131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7721: 25-8130-1131"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>X-disease, caused by \u201cCandidatus Phytoplasma pruni,\u201d poses a significant economic threat to the stone fruit industry, causing the removal of vast cherry acreage in Washington State. The most abundant vector in these orchards is the leafhopper Colladonus reductus (Van Duzee). Growers need season-long preventative alternatives to insecticides for a robust integrated pest management program. Thus, this study evaluated the efficacy of protective netting as a barrier to C. reductus. Between 2024 and 2025, 3 field trials were conducted testing 4 types of netting (20% shade, 30% shade, Mesh 25, and Mesh 50) against a non-covered control. Trials were established in 2 cherry orchards with high levels of X-disease phytoplasma infection. Molecular analysis of the ambient vector population confirmed a 73% and 56% infection rate with \u2018Ca. P. pruni\u2019 at each orchard, respectively, highlighting severe disease pressure. Small enclosures (1.2\u2009\u00d7\u20090.6\u2009m) containing 5 potted Prunus trees (sweet cherry and peach) were monitored using yellow and clear sticky cards for C. reductus presence. Fine-mesh exclusion netting reduced C. reductus abundance by over 99%, and shade netting consistently caused a 90% reduction. These findings demonstrate a successful proof of concept that netting can serve as a physical barrier to leafhopper vectors that transmit X-disease phytoplasma. Netting should be examined in a commercial orchard setting and for effects on pathogen transmission.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toag109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T11:50:15Z","timestamp":1775735415000},"page":"2379-2383","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Protective netting as a barrier against the X-disease phytoplasma vector\n                    <i>Colladonus reductus<\/i>\n                    (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) in cherry orchards"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"119","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8980-0906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian T","family":"Marshall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA-ARS, Temperate Tree Fruit and Vegetable Research Unit , Wapato, WA,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas W","family":"Harper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA-ARS, Temperate Tree Fruit and Vegetable Research Unit , Wapato, WA,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7983-3627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"W Rodney","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA-ARS, Temperate Tree Fruit and Vegetable Research Unit , Wapato, WA,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8698-2663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Pitino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA-ARS, Temperate Tree Fruit and Vegetable Research Unit , Wapato, WA,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026061516524750400_toag109-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2013.05.019","article-title":"Bird damage to select fruit crops: the cost of damage and the benefits of control in five states","volume":"52","author":"Anderson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crop Prot"},{"key":"2026061516524750400_toag109-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1093\/jipm\/pmae005","article-title":"Colladonus spp. (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) vectors of X-disease: biology and management in Western United States","volume":"15","author":"Clarke","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Integr. Pest Manag"},{"key":"2026061516524750400_toag109-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1094\/PHP-02-23-0016-RP","article-title":"Recovery plan for X-disease in stone fruit caused by \u2018Candidatus Phytoplasma pruni\u2019","volume":"24","author":"Harper","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plant Health Prog"},{"key":"2026061516524750400_toag109-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1038\/srep00578","article-title":"Plant viruses alter insect behavior to enhance their spread","volume":"2","author":"Ingwell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"key":"2026061516524750400_toag109-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2017.01.016","article-title":"Above and below-ground environmental changes associated with the use of photoselective protective netting to reduce sunburn to apple","volume":"237-238","author":"Kalcsits","year":"2017","journal-title":"Agr. Forest Meteor"},{"key":"2026061516524750400_toag109-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2025.107239","article-title":"Netting reduces bird damage and spotted wing Drosophila Drosophila suzukii, in high-density sweet cherries with few effects on fruit quality","volume":"195","author":"Lindell","year":"2025","journal-title":"Crop Prot"},{"key":"2026061516524750400_toag109-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toab094","article-title":"Efficacy and nontarget effects of net exclusion enclosures on apple pest management","volume":"114","author":"Marshall","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2026061516524750400_toag109-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2699","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toaf247","article-title":"Insecticide and repellent tests on Washington leafhopper vectors of cherry X-disease","volume":"118","author":"Marshall","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2026061516524750400_toag109-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2023.106445","article-title":"Cultural control methods improve management of leafhopper vector of X-disease","volume":"175","author":"Marshall","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crop Prot"},{"key":"2026061516524750400_toag109-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1093\/ee\/9.5.668","article-title":"Spatial and seasonal distributions of leafhopper vectors of peach X-disease in Connecticut","volume":"9","author":"Mcclure","year":"1980","journal-title":"Environ. Entomol"},{"key":"2026061516524750400_toag109-B11","first-page":"17","article-title":"Estimated impact of X-disease and little cherry disease in Washington and Oregon from 2015 to 2020","volume":"60","author":"Molnar","year":"2022","journal-title":"JOE"},{"key":"2026061516524750400_toag109-B12","author":"Mupambi","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026061516524750400_toag109-B13","author":"NASS","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026061516524750400_toag109-B14","author":"NASS","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026061516524750400_toag109-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/73.6.854","article-title":"A comparison of sampling methods for leafhopper vectors of X-disease in California cherry orchards","volume":"73","author":"Purcell","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2026061516524750400_toag109-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.3390\/insects11090600","article-title":"Maize bushy stunt phytoplasma favors its spread by changing host preference of the insect vector","volume":"11","author":"Ramos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Insects"},{"key":"2026061516524750400_toag109-B17","volume-title":"SAS\/stat user\u2019s guide, release v 9.4 edition","author":"Statistical Analysis Institute","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026061516524750400_toag109-B18","first-page":"243","article-title":"CHAPTER 44: X-Disease Phytoplasma","author":"Uyemoto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am Phytopath Soc"},{"key":"2026061516524750400_toag109-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1094\/PD-79-1025","article-title":"Evaluation of an abatement program for western X-disease in sweet cherry","volume":"79","author":"Van Steenwyk","year":"1995","journal-title":"Plant Dis."},{"key":"2026061516524750400_toag109-B20","first-page":"298","article-title":"Transmission of the western X-disease virus by the leafhopper Colladonus montanus (Van D.)","volume":"39","author":"Wolfe","year":"1955","journal-title":"Plant Dis. Rep."},{"key":"2026061516524750400_toag109-B21","first-page":"971","article-title":"Transmission of western X-disease of peaches by the leafhopper, Colladonus geminatus (Van D","volume":"40","author":"Wolfe","year":"1950","journal-title":"Phytopathology"},{"key":"2026061516524750400_toag109-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1094\/PHYTO-11-21-0468-R","article-title":"Titer and distribution of \u2018Candidatus Phytoplasma pruni\u2019 in Prunus avium","volume":"112","author":"Wright","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytopathology\u00ae"},{"key":"2026061516524750400_toag109-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.1094\/PHYTO-03-21-0106-R","article-title":"Effect of \u2018Candidatus Phytoplasma pruni\u2019 infection on sweet cherry fruit","volume":"111","author":"Wright","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytopathology\u00ae"}],"container-title":["Journal of Economic Entomology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jee\/article-pdf\/119\/3\/2379\/68118229\/toag109.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jee\/article-pdf\/119\/3\/2379\/68118229\/toag109.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T20:52:53Z","timestamp":1781556773000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jee\/article\/119\/3\/2379\/8659559"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Dong H","family":"Cha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jee\/toag109","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-0493","1938-291X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-0493","type":"print"},{"value":"1938-291X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]]}}}