{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T07:29:42Z","timestamp":1786519782464,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture, AAES Hatch\/Multistate","award":["ALA015-1-18039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALA015-1-18039"]}]},{"name":"USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture, AAES Hatch\/Multistate","award":["ALA015-1-16005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALA015-1-16005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study assessed the toxicity and flushing activity of 5 commercially available botanical and essential oil formulations against 3 strains of German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.) (Blattodea: Ectobiidae): a susceptible laboratory strain (S) and 2 insecticide-resistant field strains (D and E). Three bioassays were conducted: continuous exposure to dry residues, direct spray application, and flushing. The direct spray assay yielded the fastest kill, with a median survival time (MST) of 1\u2009min when strain S was exposed to Essentria at the high label rate, likely due to rapid dermal and spiracular uptake. In contrast, the continuous exposure assay produced slower mortality, with the longest MST (23.5\u2009h) observed in strain D with the same Essentria treatment, indicating slower uptake from dry residues. Among all formulations, ExciteR exhibited the fastest action in continuous exposure, while EcoVia and Garscentria showed limited residual activity. Strain-dependent differences were evident, with resistant strains showing greater survivorship in both continuous exposure and direct spray assays. In flushing assays, Essentria and EcoVia achieved the highest flushing activity (up to 45% and 35%, respectively, at 1,000\u2009\u00b5g\/\u00b5l), defined as the proportion of cockroaches leaving the harborage within 10\u2009min. Other formulations, including ExciteR and ER-22, showed low flushing action. Overall, botanical and essential oil formulations were most effective when applied directly for immediate kill. Residual and flushing effects were generally weaker, particularly against resistant strains. Under laboratory conditions with confined exposure, botanical and essential oil formulations caused significant mortality in susceptible and resistant German cockroach strains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toag126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T11:33:46Z","timestamp":1776771226000},"page":"2826-2838","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Toxicity and flushing activity of 5 botanical and essential oil formulations against\n                    <i>Blattella germanica<\/i>\n                    (L.) (Blattodea: Ectobiidae)"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"119","author":[{"given":"Festus K","family":"Ajibefun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, Kansas State University , Manhattan, KS,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8056-8760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana M","family":"Chicas-Mosier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis, The University of Kansas , Lawrence, KS,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6858-1900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arthur G","family":"Appel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University , Auburn, AL,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry Y","family":"Fadamiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University , College Station, TX,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081202522726100_toag126-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toaf296","article-title":"Behavioral preference and antennal responses induced by commercial essential oil formulations and their components in the German cockroach (Blattodea: Ectobiidae)","volume":"119","author":"Ajibefun","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2026081202522726100_toag126-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5967.2009.00205.x","article-title":"Monitoring pyrethroid resistance in field collected Blattella germanica Linn. (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) in Indonesia","volume":"39","author":"Ahmad","year":"2009","journal-title":"Entomol. Res"},{"key":"2026081202522726100_toag126-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3531","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27113531","article-title":"Encapsulation of Eucalyptus largiflorens essential oil by mesoporous silicates for effective control of the Cowpea Weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)","volume":"27","author":"Ebadollahi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"2026081202522726100_toag126-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.3390\/pr9071243","article-title":"Susceptibility of Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) to the fumigation of two essential Satureja oils: optimization and modeling","volume":"9","author":"Ebadollahi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Processes"},{"key":"2026081202522726100_toag126-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjad004","article-title":"Impacts of bioassay type on insecticide resistance assessment in the German cockroach (Blattodea: Ectobiidae). Rust M, editor","volume":"60","author":"Gits","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2026081202522726100_toag126-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.3390\/insects12060550","article-title":"A review of alternative management tactics employed for the control of various cockroach species (Order: Blattodea) in the USA","volume":"12","author":"Gondhalekar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Insects"},{"key":"2026081202522726100_toag126-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1603\/ME11106","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying fipronil resistance in a multiresistant field strain of the German cockroach (Blattodea: Blattellidae)","volume":"49","author":"Gondhalekar","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2026081202522726100_toag126-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1603\/EC12384","article-title":"Implementation of an indoxacarb susceptibility monitoring program using field-collected German cockroach isolates from the United States","volume":"106","author":"Gondhalekar","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2026081202522726100_toag126-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.b.22824","article-title":"Expansions of key protein families in the German cockroach highlight the molecular basis of its remarkable success as a global indoor pest","volume":"330","author":"Harrison","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Exp. Zool. B Mol. Dev. Evol"},{"key":"2026081202522726100_toag126-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.6187","article-title":"Silencing the odorant coreceptor (Orco) disrupts sex pheromonal communication and feeding responses in Blattella germanica\u202f: toward an alternative target for controlling insect-transmitted human diseases","volume":"77","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci"},{"key":"2026081202522726100_toag126-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202200210","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202200210","article-title":"Environmentally-friendly pesticidal activities of Callicarpa and Karomia essential oils from Vietnam and their microemulsions","volume":"20","author":"Hung","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers"},{"key":"2026081202522726100_toag126-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7892","DOI":"10.1021\/jf051127g","article-title":"Vapor phase toxicity of marjoram oil compounds and their related monoterpenoids to Blattella germanica (Orthoptera: Blattellidae)","volume":"53","author":"Jang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem"},{"key":"2026081202522726100_toag126-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2022032","DOI":"10.5620\/eaht.2022032","article-title":"The different aspects of attractive toxic baits containing fipronil for control of the German cockroach (Blattella germanica)","volume":"37","author":"Khoobdel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Anal. Health Toxicol"},{"key":"2026081202522726100_toag126-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4789","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.2c08488","article-title":"Two antenna-enriched carboxylesterases mediate olfactory responses and degradation of ester volatiles in the German cockroach Blattella germanica","volume":"71","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem"},{"key":"2026081202522726100_toag126-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14356007.a14_263","volume-title":"Ullmann\u2019s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry","author":"Metcalf","year":"2000"},{"key":"2026081202522726100_toag126-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6698","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26216698","article-title":"Chemical composition, insecticidal and mosquito larvicidal activities of allspice (Pimenta dioica) essential oil","volume":"26","author":"Narayanankutty","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"2026081202522726100_toag126-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toz323","article-title":"Topical toxicity profiles of some aliphatic and aromatic essential oil components against insecticide-susceptible and resistant strains of German cockroach (Blattodea: Ectobiidae)","volume":"113","author":"Oladipupo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2026081202522726100_toag126-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-0493-95.2.377","article-title":"Behavioral activity of catnip (Lamiaceae) essential oil components to the German cockroach (Blattodea: Blattellidae)","volume":"95","author":"Peterson","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2026081202522726100_toag126-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2024.119744","article-title":"Lavender essential oil market integrity: a comprehensive study of commercial Lavandula angustifolia essential oils adulteration and assessment of industrial standards","volume":"222","author":"Pokajewicz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod"},{"key":"2026081202522726100_toag126-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.4039\/tce.2017.13","article-title":"Ovicidal, larvicidal, and behavioural effects of some plant essential oils on diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)","volume":"149","author":"Sangha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Can. Entomol"},{"key":"2026081202522726100_toag126-B0607751","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.1603\/EC14328","article-title":"Potential of essential oil-based pesticides and detergents for bed bug control","volume":"107","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol."},{"key":"2026081202522726100_toag126-B4786151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2008.03.001","article-title":"Insect spiracle as the main penetration route of pyrethroids","volume":"91","author":"Sugiura","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology"},{"key":"2026081202522726100_toag126-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-0493-99.3.879","article-title":"Comparative study of integrated pest management and baiting for German cockroach management in public housing","volume":"99","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2026081202522726100_toag126-B4470130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.3390\/insects10110406","article-title":"Correction: Wang, C.; et al. Changes in Indoor Insecticide Residue Levels after Adopting an Integrated Pest Management Program to Control German Cockroach Infestations in an Apartment Building. Insects 2019, 10, 304","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Insects"},{"key":"2026081202522726100_toag126-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/tox072","article-title":"Insecticide resistance of several field-collected German cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) strains","volume":"110","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2026081202522726100_toag126-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.1021\/jf505927n","article-title":"Insecticidal and acetylcholine esterase inhibition activity of Asteraceae plant essential oils and their constituents against adults of the German cockroach (Blattella germanica)","volume":"63","author":"Yeom","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem"},{"key":"2026081202522726100_toag126-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1584\/jpestics.G07-30","article-title":"Repellent activity of citrus oils against the cockroaches Blattella germanica, Periplaneta americana and P. fuliginosa","volume":"34","author":"Yoon","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pestic. Sci"},{"key":"2026081202522726100_toag126-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.3390\/insects7010002","article-title":"Insecticide resistance and management strategies in urban ecosystems","volume":"7","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Insects"}],"container-title":["Journal of Economic Entomology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jee\/article-pdf\/119\/4\/2826\/68247623\/toag126.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jee\/article-pdf\/119\/4\/2826\/68247623\/toag126.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T06:52:35Z","timestamp":1786517555000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jee\/article\/119\/4\/2826\/8672666"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Chow-Yang","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jee\/toag126","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-0493","1938-291X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-0493","type":"print"},{"value":"1938-291X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]]}}}