{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T07:45:28Z","timestamp":1791877528917,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"USDA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Forest Service, Forest Health Protection Region 4 Special Technology Development","award":["23-DG-11046013-616"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23-DG-11046013-616"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins, antiaggregation pheromone, 3-methylcyclohex-2-en-1-one (MCH), has been used operationally in western North America to protect high-risk, high-valued trees during outbreaks since the spring of 2000. The most commonly used formulation of MCH is a bubble capsule manufactured by several different companies. Bubble capsules are made of 2 layers of plastic film that breakdown very slowly under natural conditions requiring resource managers to remove them after treatment in some situations. In this study, a small bead formulation of MCH (Hercon Bio-Beads MCH, patent pending No. 18\/521,155) made of biodegradable ingredients was tested. A preliminary study in 2022 demonstrated that Hercon Bio-Beads MCH were efficacious. Due to constraints with accessibility, the 2022 study used 0.04-ha circular plots located 20 to 30\u2009m from each other. The plots were smaller and located closer to each other than is preferred in this type of study. In 2023, a study was conducted using 0.4-ha circular plots that were well spaced and not a single tree was infested on the Hercon Bio-Beads MCH-treated plots. In contrast, 13.8% of potential host trees were fully infested on control plots and 18.6% were either partially or fully infested. The treatment differences in infested trees were not only statistically significant, but also operationally significant. Collectively, the results of these 2 studies demonstrate that Hercon Bio-Beads MCH are highly effective for protecting live trees and are a viable alternative to current commercially available formulations of MCH.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toag201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T11:22:09Z","timestamp":1782127329000},"page":"3718-3721","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Efficacy of a bead formulation of MCH for protecting live Douglas-fir from infestation by\n                    <i>Dendroctonus pseudotsugae<\/i>\n                    (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"119","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5531-489X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darrell W","family":"Ross","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural Resource Sciences, North Dakota State University , Fargo, ND,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Malesky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Protection , Coeur d\u2019Alene, ID,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Betzen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Protection , Coeur d\u2019Alene, ID,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole E","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Protection , Boise, ID,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela M","family":"Coco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aberdeen Road Company d\/b\/a Hercon Environmental , Emigsville, PA,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026101302512773500_toag201-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2424","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/tow208","article-title":"Evaluating high release rate MCH (3-methylcyclohex-2-en-1-one) treatments for preventing Dendroctonus pseudotsugae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) infestations","volume":"109","author":"Brookes","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. 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