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Although its toxicity to aquatic organisms is well known, research on terrestrial arthropods\u2014especially soil-dwelling ants\u2014remains limited. The red imported fire ant (RIFA), (Solenopsis invicta Buren) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), frequently inhabits soil and is broadly distributed, making it likely to encounter PFOA. This study examined the behavioral, lethal, and physiological effects of PFOA on large and medium RIFA workers. Contact and stomach toxicity experiments showed that PFOA significantly reduced aggregation, climbing, grasping, and crawling over 72\u2009h, with notable mortality at higher concentrations. In contact trials, mortality reached 68.33% (large workers) and 62.50% (medium workers) at 10\u2009mg\/g after 48\u2009h, and excavation behavior was markedly inhibited at 0.061\u20130.61\u2009mg\/g. The median lethal concentration (LC50) of PFOA for large workers decreased sharply over time (1660\u2009mg\/L on day 3 \u2192 531\u2009mg\/L on day 4 \u2192 217\u2009mg\/L on day 5). Sublethal colony-level effects emerged by day 21 (28.58%, 30.94%, and 42.55% mortality at 10, 100, and 500\u2009mg\/L, respectively). Catalase (CAT) activity increased dose-dependently, indicating oxidative stress (eg from 451 to 2412 U\/g in large workers after contact exposure). Despite PFOA exposure (up to 250\u2009mg\/L), RIFA maintained higher attack initiation and more intense aggression than Carebara diversa, which suffered 90% to 100% mortality after confrontation in 180\u2009min. Collectively, RIFA exhibits considerable tolerance to PFOA. While PFOA induces sublethal physiological and behavioral impairments, it does not overturn RIFA\u2019s competitive dominance, suggesting that environmental contamination alone may not significantly mitigate this ant\u2019s confrontation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toag234","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T11:10:05Z","timestamp":1786101005000},"page":"3696-3712","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Perfluorooctanoic acid exposure induced behavioral and physiological toxicity in\n                    <i>Solenopsis invicta<\/i>\n                    (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) without reducing interspecific competitive dominance"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"119","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6258-3163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuling","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University Red Imported Fire Ant Research Center, , Guangzhou,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University Red Imported Fire Ant Research Center, , Guangzhou,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangrui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University Red Imported Fire Ant Research Center, , Guangzhou,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing,","place":["China"]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Biodiversity Conservation and Integrated Pest Management, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bangwei","family":"Nong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University Red Imported Fire Ant Research Center, , Guangzhou,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University Red Imported Fire Ant Research Center, , Guangzhou,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bolin","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University Red Imported Fire Ant Research Center, , Guangzhou,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yangting","family":"Ou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University Red Imported Fire Ant Research Center, , Guangzhou,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenxuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University Red Imported Fire Ant Research Center, , Guangzhou,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunbo","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University Red Imported Fire Ant Research Center, , Guangzhou,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingrong","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University Red Imported Fire Ant Research Center, , Guangzhou,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Insect Biodiversity and Biogeography Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongyue","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University Red Imported Fire Ant Research Center, , Guangzhou,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026101302530421900_toag234-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110340","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-30156-w","article-title":"Perfluorooctanoic acid induces behavioral impairment and oxidative injury in Nauphoeta cinerea nymphs","volume":"30","author":"Adedara","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. 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