{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T17:06:50Z","timestamp":1788887210861,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The invasive behaving bagworm Metisa plana Walker (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) is the dominant pest defoliator of oil palm canopies, leading to substantial leaf damage and monthly yield losses exceeding 45% in Malaysia. Standard control methods involve trunk chemical injection (TCI) and spraying of highly toxic pesticides (such as cypermethrin), which affect non-target species. We hypothesized that the introduction of a native biological control agent (BCA), the Asian weaver ant (Oecophylla smaragdina F.) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) would outperform the TCI in terms of scale and revenue consistency by controlling the bagworm population. The effective performance of the low-cost BCA treatment offers strong evidence of potential feasibility to skeptical industry players. A BCA colony was introduced with 20 brood nests translocated into four-hectare experimental plots in Felda plantations, Peninsular Malaysia. To address the nuisances caused by BCA bites to field workers, we hypothesized that essential tea tree oil (TTO) (Melaleuca linariifolia var. alternifolia) (Myrtales: Myrtaceae) is a potent preventive measure. The assessment of ant-occupied palm trees showed an absence of foliar injury with higher quality fresh fruit bunches (FFB) and oil extraction rate (OER), in contrast to the high bagworm density in unoccupied, critically damaged canopies. BCA stands out as the most productive and lucrative treatment, producing annual yield and income three times higher than any TCI group. Given the high correlation between yield variables and income, the polynomial regression Y = \u03b20 + \u03b21X + \u03b222X + \u03b5, where Y represents the predicted annual income, X denotes the yield variable (FFB or OER), \u03b20 is the intercept, \u03b21 and \u03b22 are regression coefficients, and \u03b5 is the random error term] showed accuracy in modeling BCA and TCI with minimal deviation between actual and predicted annual income. Although income is inherently linked to yield variables, regression analysis was performed to quantify nonlinear relationships among productivity metrics (average yield, total yield, and OER) and evaluate the predictive performance of biological versus chemical pest management strategies. The second-order (quadratic) polynomial model demonstrated high predictive accuracy, with minimal deviation between observed and predicted annual income. The repellent effect of TTO instantly neutralized weaver ant aggressiveness, with a duration of 1 h long lasting effect. Our findings suggest that O. smaragdina is an effective alternative to pesticide control for bagworms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>La chenille \u00e0 sac Metisa plana Walker (Lepidoptera: Psychidae), qui se comporte comme une esp\u00e8ce envahissante, est le principal ravageur d\u00e9foliateur du feuillage des palmiers \u00e0 huile; elle entra\u00eene des dommages foliaires consid\u00e9rables et des pertes de rendement mensuelles d\u00e9passant 45% en Malaisie. Les m\u00e9thodes de lutte classiques reposent sur l\u2018injection chimique dans le tronc (TCI) et la pulv\u00e9risation de pesticides hautement toxiques (tels que la cyperm\u00e9thrine), qui affectent les esp\u00e8ces non cibles. Nous avons \u00e9mis l\u2018hypoth\u00e8se que l\u2018introduction d\u2018un agent de lutte biologique (ALB) indig\u00e8ne, la fourmi tisserande asiatique (Oecophylla smaragdina F., Hymenoptera: Formicidae), surpasserait la m\u00e9thode TCI en termes d\u2018\u00e9chelle d\u2018application et de r\u00e9gularit\u00e9 des revenus gr\u00e2ce au contr\u00f4le de la population de chenilles \u00e0 sac. L\u2019efficacit\u00e9 de ce traitement par la fourmi tisserande peu co\u00fbteux constitue une preuve solide de sa faisabilit\u00e9 potentielle aux yeux des acteurs du secteur sceptiques. Une colonie Oecophylla a \u00e9t\u00e9 introduite par le transfert de 20 nids contenant du couvain dans des parcelles exp\u00e9rimentales de quatre hectares au sein de plantations Felda, en Malaisie p\u00e9ninsulaire. Pour rem\u00e9dier aux nuisances caus\u00e9es par les piq\u00fbres de ces fourmis aux travailleurs agricoles, nous avons suppos\u00e9 que l\u2018huile essentielle d\u2018arbre \u00e0 th\u00e9 (TTO) (Melaleuca linariifolia var. alternifolia, Myrtales: Myrtaceae) constituait une mesure pr\u00e9ventive efficace. L'\u00e9valuation des palmiers occup\u00e9s par les fourmis a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 une absence de dommages foliaires ainsi qu\u2019une qualit\u00e9 sup\u00e9rieure des r\u00e9gimes de fruits frais (RFF) et du taux d\u2018extraction d\u2018huile (TEH), contrairement \u00e0 la forte densit\u00e9 de chenilles \u00e0 sac observ\u00e9e dans les houppiers non occup\u00e9s et gravement endommag\u00e9s. L\u2019agent de lutte biologique s\u2018impose comme le traitement le plus productif et le plus lucratif, g\u00e9n\u00e9rant un rendement et un revenu annuels trois fois sup\u00e9rieurs \u00e0 ceux obtenus avec la m\u00e9thode d\u2019injection chimique du tronc ou endoth\u00e9rapie syst\u00e9mique. Compte tenu de la forte corr\u00e9lation entre les variables de rendement et le revenu, le mod\u00e8le de r\u00e9gression polynomiale Y = \u03b20 + \u03b21X + \u03b22X2 + \u03b5, o\u00f9 Y repr\u00e9sente le revenu annuel pr\u00e9dit, X la variable de rendement (RFF ou TEH), \u03b20 l\u2018ordonn\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2018origine, \u03b21 et \u03b22 les coefficients de r\u00e9gression, et \u03b5 le terme d\u2018erreur al\u00e9atoire] a d\u00e9montr\u00e9 sa pr\u00e9cision pour mod\u00e9liser les m\u00e9thodes de lutte biologique et chimique, avec un \u00e9cart minime entre le revenu annuel r\u00e9el et le revenu pr\u00e9dit. Bien que le revenu soit intrins\u00e8quement li\u00e9 aux variables de rendement, une analyse de r\u00e9gression a \u00e9t\u00e9 effectu\u00e9e pour quantifier les relations non lin\u00e9aires entre les indicateurs de productivit\u00e9 (rendement moyen, rendement total et TEH) et pour \u00e9valuer la performance pr\u00e9dictive des strat\u00e9gies de lutte biologique par rapport aux strat\u00e9gies chimiques. Le mod\u00e8le polynomial du second degr\u00e9 (quadratique) a fait preuve d\u2018une grande pr\u00e9cision pr\u00e9dictive, avec un \u00e9cart minime entre le revenu annuel observ\u00e9 et celui pr\u00e9dit. L\u2019effet r\u00e9pulsif de l\u2018huile d\u2018arbre \u00e0 th\u00e9 (TTO) a imm\u00e9diatement neutralis\u00e9 l\u2018agressivit\u00e9 des fourmis tisserandes, assurant une efficacit\u00e9 prolong\u00e9e d\u2018une heure. Nos r\u00e9sultats sugg\u00e8rent qu\u2019O. smaragdina constitue une alternative efficace \u00e0 la lutte chimique contre les psychides.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toag263","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T11:23:18Z","timestamp":1786706598000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["<i>Oecophylla smaragdina<\/i>\n                    (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): a biological control agent of the invasive behaving bagworms\n                    <i>Metisa plana<\/i>\n                    (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) in oil palm plantations"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9991-8118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mo\u00efse Pierre","family":"Ex\u00e9lis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Collectivit\u00e9 Territoriale de la Martinique (CTM) , Direction de l\u2019Enseignement Sup\u00e9rieur et de la Recherche Espace Etudiants, H\u00f4tel de la Collectivit\u00e9 Territoriale de la Martinique (CTM) , Fort De France, 97201, Martinique"},{"name":"Universiti Malaya , Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science - Lembah Pantai Jalan Pantai , Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan, 50603,","place":["Malaysia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosli","family":"Ramli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universiti Malaya , Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science - Lembah Pantai Jalan Pantai , Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan, 50603,","place":["Malaysia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0263-5865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roslinazairimah","family":"Zakaria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah , Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Lebuh Persiaran Tun Khalil Yaacob , Kuantan, Pahang, 26600,","place":["Malaysia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azarae Hj","family":"Idris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universiti Malaya , Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science - Lembah Pantai Jalan Pantai , Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan, 50603,","place":["Malaysia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9341-025X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rabha W","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alayen Iraqi University , Information and Communication Technology Research Group, Scientific Research Center , Alayen, Dhi-Qar, Nasiriyah, 64001, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090812103715900_toag263-B1","first-page":"149","article-title":"Impact of environmental factors on the larval population of bagworm, Metisa plana Walker (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) in oil palm smallholdings","volume":"28","author":"Adhawiyah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Serangga"},{"key":"2026090812103715900_toag263-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.30880\/jtmb.2026.13.01.006","article-title":"Sustainable farming for the future: a conceptual framework for integrating smart technologies and sustainability in small-scale agriculture","volume":"13","author":"Ahmad Pozin","year":"2026","journal-title":"JTMB"},{"key":"2026090812103715900_toag263-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20221316","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2022.1316","article-title":"The effects of ants on pest control: a meta-analysis","volume":"289","author":"Anjos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. 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