{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T06:27:14Z","timestamp":1790231234291,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"the National Key R&D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFD1400600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFD1400600"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Postdoctoral Science Foundation of Hangzhou Normal University","award":["4105C5022521535"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4105C5022521535"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Soil contamination by cadmium (Cd) poses an increasing threat to agricultural ecosystems and may disrupt biological pest control mediated by natural enemies. However, the multigenerational effects of Cd stress on parasitoid reproductive strategies and performance, particularly in species with contrasting ovigeny syndromes, remain poorly understood. Here, we compared the short-term (F1) and long-term (F5) effects of host-mediated Cd exposure on the synovigenic Trichogramma cacoeciae and the proovigenic T. dendrolimi. Cadmium exposure did not shift the core oviposition rhythm of either species, demonstrating that ovigeny syndrome represents a canalized life-history trait robust to multigenerational heavy metal stress. For the synovigenic species T. cacoeciae, F1 Cd exposure extended female lifespan and elevated lifetime parasitism, consistent with a hormetic stress response; by contrast, continuous Cd exposure across 5 generations (F5) suppressed early-age oviposition and total reproductive output, reflecting cumulative physiological fitness costs. In contrast, T. dendrolimi showed no significant changes in survival, daily parasitism pattern, emergence rate, or percentage of female progeny under Cd stress, except for a reduction in total parasitism after F5 exposure. These findings demonstrate that synovigenic species exhibit greater plasticity and stage-dependent responses to transgenerational Cd stress, whereas proovigenic species appear more robust. Our results provide empirical evidence for how heavy metal pollution influences parasitoid life-history traits and fitness across generations, and offer practical guidance for selecting resilient biological control agents in Cd-contaminated agricultural landscapes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toag279","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T11:37:08Z","timestamp":1788521828000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Multigenerational effects of cadmium stress on parasitic strategies and performance of synovigenic and proovigenic\n                    <i>Trichogramma<\/i>\n                    wasps"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3100-3290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biological Control of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Biology and Ecological Regulation of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, State Key Lab of Rice Biology and Breeding, Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou,","place":["China"]},{"name":"College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University , Hangzhou,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lian-Wen","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biological Control of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Biology and Ecological Regulation of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, State Key Lab of Rice Biology and Breeding, Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Di","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Natural Enemies Insects, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences , Beijing,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2648-0378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John T","family":"Trumble","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, University of California , Riverside, CA,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4401-8830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuan-Xi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xi-Qian","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biological Control of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Biology and Ecological Regulation of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, State Key Lab of Rice Biology and Breeding, Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Desneux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, INRAE, UMR ISA , Nice,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Su","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Natural Enemies Insects, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences , Beijing,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University , Hangzhou,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9109-8853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xue-Xin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biological Control of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Biology and Ecological Regulation of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, State Key Lab of Rice Biology and Breeding, Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090909280878100_toag279-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2022.09.006","article-title":"Plant-pest interactions under the microscope of chemical hormesis","volume":"28","author":"Agathokleous","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Plant Sci"},{"key":"2026090909280878100_toag279-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2519","DOI":"10.1007\/s10340-025-01954-7","article-title":"Sublethal effects of broflanilide and isocycloseram on Spodoptera littoralis and associated natural enemies","volume":"98","author":"Ahmed","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. 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